International Journal of Research in Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering ISSN: 3107-8907 (Online)

Author: Arjun Patel, Miniksha Pal, Gaurav Saxena.

Abstract: The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into industrial automation is revolutionizing industries by improving the efficiency, reliability, and real-time monitoring of various processes. IoT-based monitoring systems provide a scalable solution to manage industrial equipment, collect data, and enable predictive maintenance. This paper explores the design and implementation of IoT-based monitoring systems, highlighting their advantages in industrial automation, such as enhanced production processes, reduced downtime, and cost savings. The paper also discusses key technologies, architectures, and applications of IoT in industrial settings, focusing on its role in automating and optimizing operations. Challenges related to data security, communication protocols, and system integration are also addressed. The study further elaborates on future trends and the potential for IoT to shape the future of industrial automation.

Keywords: IoT, Industrial Automation, Monitoring Systems, Predictive Maintenance, Smart Sensors, Real-time Data, Communication Protocols, Security, Industry 4.0.

Author: Prof. Ravi Prakash, K. Sivalakshmi.

Abstract: This paper delves into the design and analysis of high-efficiency photovoltaic (PV) inverters, which play a critical role in harnessing solar energy. Photovoltaic inverters are essential for converting direct current (DC) output from solar panels into alternating current (AC) for grid integration or local use. The efficiency of these inverters directly impacts the overall performance of a solar power system. The paper explores various design techniques, components, and advanced topologies used in high-efficiency inverters. Additionally, it highlights the challenges and emerging technologies, such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT), digital signal processors (DSP), and control algorithms, that contribute to improving the efficiency and performance of PV inverters. The study further includes an analysis of the trade-offs involved in selecting different inverter topologies and the impact of factors such as environmental conditions, system size, and cost on inverter design.

Keywords: Photovoltaic Inverters, High-Efficiency Design, Power Electronics, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Solar Energy, Inverter Topologies, Control Algorithms, Efficiency, Solar Power Systems.

Author: Dr. Ramesh Verma.

Abstract: The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have opened up new avenues for the development and optimization of smart grid management systems. Smart grids represent a modernized electrical grid that utilizes information technology, automation, and AI to enhance the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of power systems. This paper explores the application of AI techniques in the management of smart grids, focusing on their role in load forecasting, fault detection, energy management, and demand response. Through the integration of AI algorithms such as machine learning, neural networks, and reinforcement learning, smart grids can optimize the generation, distribution, and consumption of electricity. This paper also discusses the challenges, benefits, and future perspectives of AI in smart grid management.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Smart Grid, Machine Learning, Energy Management, Load Forecasting, Fault Detection, Demand Response, Optimization.

Author: Varun Saxena, Manish Gupta.

Abstract: The electric vehicle (EV) industry is experiencing significant advancements in power train systems, which play a critical role in improving efficiency, performance, and driving range. Emerging technologies such as next-generation batteries, integrated drive systems, solid-state batteries, and advanced motor control algorithms are reshaping the landscape of EVs. This paper explores these innovations and their potential impact on the future of electric mobility. It also examines the challenges and opportunities for manufacturers as they transition towards more sustainable and efficient power train solutions. The integration of renewable energy sources, enhanced vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities, and developments in thermal management are key to the advancement of EVs. Through an in-depth analysis of these emerging technologies, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of the trajectory of power train development and its implications for the broader automotive sector.

Keywords: Electric Vehicles, Power train Systems, Emerging Technologies, Battery Technology, Motor Control, Solid-State Batteries, Drive Systems, Thermal Management, and Energy Efficiency.

Author: Arun Verma

Abstract: The advent of 5G and its evolution towards 6G has necessitated revolutionary advancements in signal processing techniques. These advancements aim to address challenges such as spectral efficiency, latency, massive connectivity, and energy efficiency. This paper explores advanced signal processing methods, including Massive MIMO, beam forming, channel estimation, and interference mitigation techniques, emphasizing their role in optimizing 5G networks and laying the foundation for 6G. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into signal processing, along with the implementation of quantum signal processing, is also discussed. Future trends, challenges, and applications in domains like IoT, autonomous systems, and smart cities are highlighted.

Keywords: Signal Processing, 5G, 6G, Massive MIMO, Beam forming, AI-Driven Signal Processing, Interference Mitigation, Quantum Signal Processing.

Author: Suyash Kumar.

Abstract: Wireless communication networks are the backbone of modern telecommunications, providing the infrastructure necessary for a wide range of applications. This paper investigates the use of genetic algorithms (GAs) to optimize the performance of wireless communication networks. GAs are inspired by the process of natural selection and offer a robust method for solving complex optimization problems. The research focuses on optimizing key network parameters, such as frequency allocation, power control, and routing protocols, to enhance network performance. Through extensive simulations, the effectiveness of GAs in achieving optimal network configurations is evaluated. The results show that GAs can significantly improve network efficiency, reduce interference, and enhance overall communication quality.

Keywords: Wireless Communication Networks, Genetic Algorithms, Network Optimization, Frequency Allocation, Power Control.

Author : Gitanjali Kapoor, Dr. Arun Sharma.

Abstract : The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized various sectors, including healthcare, by providing real-time monitoring and data collection capabilities. This paper presents the design and implementation of an IoT-enabled health monitoring system aimed at continuous patient monitoring and early detection of potential health issues. The system integrates various sensors to collect vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. Data from these sensors are transmitted to a central server where it is analyzed using advanced analytics techniques to identify abnormalities. The system also features a user-friendly interface for both patients and healthcare providers, facilitating remote monitoring and timely medical interventions. Field trials of the system indicate high accuracy and reliability, demonstrating its potential to enhance patient care and reduce healthcare costs.

Keyword : Internet of Things (IoT), Health Monitoring, Real-time Data Collection, Remote Patient Monitoring, Healthcare Analytics.

Author: Kavita Mehta, Dr. Anil Desai.

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are essential for various applications, including environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and smart cities. This paper examines the application of deep learning techniques to improve signal processing in WSNs. Deep learning algorithms, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs), are leveraged to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of signal processing tasks such as data aggregation, noise reduction, and anomaly detection. The research involves the development and training of deep learning models on large datasets collected from WSN deployments. The performance of these models is evaluated through extensive simulations and field tests, demonstrating significant improvements in signal processing accuracy and network performance.

Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Deep Learning, Signal Processing, Convolutional Neural Networks, Anomaly Detection.

Author: Nishant Sharma, Kapil Choudhary.

Abstract: The smart grid represents a transformative advancement in the management of electrical power distribution, integrating advanced information and communication technologies to enhance efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. This paper explores the critical aspects of secure and efficient power management within smart grid systems, addressing the primary challenges such as cybersecurity threats, data management issues, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, key technological innovations such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and IoT are examined for their roles in optimizing grid operations. Case studies highlight successful implementations of smart grid technologies, while future directions emphasize the need for continued innovation and regulatory support. The findings underscore the importance of robust cybersecurity measures, effective management of distributed energy resources, and active consumer engagement in achieving a resilient and sustainable smart grid system.

 Keywords: Smart Grid, Power Management, Demand Response, Energy Storage Systems, Cybersecurity.

Author: Dr. Nilam Rathore

Abstract: Long-haul fiber optic communication systems are pivotal in providing high-speed data transmission over vast distances, forming the backbone of global telecommunications networks. Despite their numerous advantages, such as high bandwidth and low attenuation, these systems face significant challenges. Attenuation and signal loss, dispersion, nonlinear effects, fiber splicing and connector losses, and environmental factors pose substantial obstacles to maintaining optimal performance and reliability. This paper discusses these challenges in detail and presents various solutions to mitigate their impact. Optical amplifiers, dispersion compensation techniques, advanced modulation formats, high-quality splicing and connectors, and environmental protection and monitoring are explored as effective measures to enhance long-haul fiber optic communication systems. Additionally, the paper highlights future research directions and potential advancements in fiber materials, amplification techniques, intelligent network management, quantum communication, and sustainable infrastructure. By addressing these challenges and embracing innovative solutions, the future of long-haul fiber optic communication promises to be more efficient, robust, and sustainable, ensuring continued advancements in global telecommunications.

Keywords: Long-haul fiber optic communication, Attenuation, Dispersion, Nonlinear effects, Optical amplifiers, Advanced modulation formats, Fiber splicing, Environmental factors, Intelligent network management, Quantum communication. 

Authors: Meera Rawat, Ishita Gupta, Rajat Negi.

Abstract: Power factor correction (PFC) plays a pivotal role in optimizing the operational efficiency of electrical systems by addressing inherent issues related to power factor. This paper offers an exhaustive exploration of power factor correction techniques, highlighting their crucial significance in enhancing the overall performance and energy efficiency of electrical systems. To facilitate a comprehensive understanding, the abstract elucidates key concepts, methodologies, and benefits associated with power factor correction, supported by the inclusion of pertinent tables and figures.Power factor, defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power in an electrical system, serves as a critical indicator of energy utilization efficiency. A thorough examination of the significance of power factor reveals that a lower power factor leads to increased energy losses, augmented electricity bills, and diminished overall system capacity. Consequently, the implementation of power factor correction emerges as an essential strategy to mitigate these challenges and improve the efficiency of electrical systems.

Keywords: Power factor correction, Reactive power, Electrical efficiency, Capacitor banks, Synchronous condensers, Static Var Compensators (SVCs), Active Power Filters, Energy savings, Environmental impact.

Author: Nilesh Singh, Naman Kumar.

Abstract: Communication systems rely on well-defined sets of rules and conventions to facilitate the exchange of information between entities. These rules are organized into protocol stacks, hierarchical structures that govern the flow and format of data across a network. This paper explores the fundamental concepts of protocol stacks, their importance in communication systems, and the key protocols within popular protocol stacks. Additionally, it discusses the layered architecture, advantages, and challenges associated with protocol stacks.

Keywords:  Protocol Stacks, OSI Model, TCP/IP Model, Layered Architecture, Communication Systems, Data Transmission, Network Protocols, Internet Protocol, Modularity, Interoperability.

Author: Nithya Pillai, Siddharth Nambiar

Abstract: Digital Signal Processing (DSP) plays a pivotal role in shaping the landscape of modern communication systems, offering a versatile set of tools and algorithms that significantly enhance signal quality, transmission efficiency, and overall system performance. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles and applications of DSP in the realm  of communication.The introduction emphasizes the growing importance of DSP in meeting the increasing demands of communication technologies, highlighting its role in addressing challenges such as noise reduction, modulation/demodulation, and error correction.A historical context traces the evolution of DSP, illustrating its journey from conceptual inception to becoming an indispensable component of contemporary communication systems.The paper delves into the basics of Digital Signal Processing, offering a clear explanation of essential concepts such as sampling, quantization, and the characteristics of discrete-time signals and systems. Special attention is given to the role of digital filters and their impact on communication, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of DSP algorithms.

Keywords: Digital Signal Processing (DSP), Modulation Techniques, Communication Systems, Wireless Communication, Satellite Communication, Fiber Optic Communication, Adaptive Filtering, Error Correction.

Author: Parul Arora, Mayank Gupta

Abstract: The evolution of mobile communication has been marked by the development and implementation of standardized protocols to ensure seamless interoperability and global compatibility. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has played a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining standards for mobile communication technologies. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of 3GPP standards, their evolution, and their impact on the mobile communication landscape.

Keywords:  3GPP Standards, Mobile Communication, LTE (Long-Term Evolution), 5G NR (New Radio), VoLTE (Voice over LTE), IoT (Internet of Things), Carrier Aggregation, Massive MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output).

Author: Rohan Sharma, Neeraj Thakur.

Abstract : The paper provides an in-depth exploration of Electromagnetic Theory and its vital role in the design and operation of modern communication systems and electronic devices. It covers fundamental concepts such as Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic wave propagation, and antenna theory. This paper aims to enhance the reader's understanding of these critical principles and their practical applications.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Theory, Maxwell's Equations, Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Antenna Theory, Communication Systems, Electronic Devices.

Author: Kriyansh Saxsena, Gaurav Kanojiya.

Abstract: With the increasing global demand for sustainable energy solutions, renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro power are gaining significant traction. To harness the full potential of these intermittent energy sources and integrate them into the existing power grid, efficient and reliable power electronics technologies are crucial. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art power electronics applications in renewable energy integration, highlighting the challenges and future trends in the field.

Keywords: Smart Grid, Grid Modernization, Advanced Metering Infrastructure, Energy Storage Systems, Demand Response, Intelligent Distribution Systems, Microgrids, Communication Networks, Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy Integration.

Author: Suresh Kaushik, Kavyansh Chakrborty, Pankaj Singh.

Abstract: The transformation of the conventional power grid into a smarter and more efficient system, known as the smart grid, has gained immense attention in recent years due to the increasing demand for sustainable and reliable energy solutions. This paper presents a comprehensive review of smart grid technologies and grid modernization efforts. It explores the key components of a smart grid, discusses the benefits and challenges associated with its implementation, and examines the various technologies and strategies employed to achieve grid modernization. The paper also delves into the potential implications of smart grid adoption on the energy sector, consumers, and the environment. By analyzing the current state of smart grid development and evaluating its potential for future advancements, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the ongoing transformation of the power grid.

Keywords:  Smart Grid, Grid Modernization, Advanced Metering Infrastructure, Energy Storage Systems, Demand Response, Intelligent Distribution Systems, Microgrids, Communication Networks, Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy Integration.

Author: Akunsh Goel.

Abstract: Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) have emerged as a crucial technology for enabling intelligent transportation systems and improving road safety and traffic efficiency. However, VANETs face significant challenges related to data security, privacy, and trust. Blockchain technology, originally designed for secure and transparent transaction management in cryptocurrencies, has shown promise in addressing these challenges. This paper explores the integration of blockchain into VANETs to achieve secure and efficient data transmission. We present a comprehensive analysis of the potential benefits, underlying mechanisms, and current research efforts in this area. The paper also discusses various security and privacy considerations related to implementing blockchain in VANETs and outlines possible future directions.

Keywords:  Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs), Blockchain Technology, Secure Data Transmission, Efficient Data Transmission, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Decentralization, Privacy Preservation, Scalability, Consensus Mechanisms, Smart Contracts, Sybil Attack Mitigation, Consortium Blockchains, Proof of Stake (PoS).

Author: Omkar Chaturvedi, Vishnu Gautam.

Abstract: With the increasing demand for high-speed wireless communication systems, the design and optimization of high-frequency printed circuit board (PCB) antennas have gained significant importance. High-frequency PCB antennas play a crucial role in facilitating wireless communication in various applications such as mobile devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, and wireless sensor networks.This paper presents a comprehensive study on the design and optimization of high-frequency PCB antennas for wireless communication systems. The objective is to develop antennas that operate efficiently at high frequencies, ensuring reliable and high-quality wireless communication. The design process involves careful consideration of various factors, including antenna geometry, substrate material properties, feeding techniques, and impedance matching.To achieve the desired performance, several optimization techniques are employed. These techniques include parametric analysis, electromagnetic simulation, and numerical optimization algorithms. The parametric analysis allows for the exploration of various antenna configurations, while electromagnetic simulation tools provide insights into antenna behavior and performance metrics. Numerical optimization algorithms enable the fine-tuning of antenna parameters to achieve optimal performance in terms of radiation pattern, bandwidth, efficiency, and impedance matching.The optimization process is guided by specific requirements of wireless communication systems, such as frequency band, gain, and radiation pattern. Trade-offs between different performances metrics are carefully considered to find the optimal balance. Additionally, manufacturing constraints, such as antenna size, cost, and fabrication techniques, are taken into account during the design process.

Keywords:  High-frequency PCB antennas, Printed circuit board antennas, Wireless communication systems, Design optimization, Parametric analysis, Electromagnetic simulation, Numerical optimization algorithms, Antenna geometry, Substrate material properties, Feeding techniques, Impedance matching, Radiation pattern, Bandwidth, Efficiency, Antenna size, Cost, Fabrication techniques, Frequency band, Gain, Wireless sensor networks.

Author: Manas Misra, Mouma Garai, Soumya Garai.

Abstract: We present women and child safety device leveraging LoRa WAN technology to enhance security in urban areas. This device utilizes a LoRa transmitter attached to the individual and a LoRa receiver connected to the nearest pole for accurate location tracking. The device sends coordinates to a cloud server, enabling prompt assistance from the nearest police station and notifying family members in critical situations. With reliable communication and efficient coordination, this innovative solution ensures the safety and well-being of women and children. It offers two key advantages: seamless transmission through long-range communication capabilities, facilitating prompt emergency response, and cost-effective deployment, enabling widespread adoption and fostering a safer environment for women and children in rural areas where normal cellular connectivity is not fully available.

Keywords:  IoT, Smart city, LoRa WAN Technology, Location Tracking, Emergency Response.

Authors:- Dheeraj Malhotra, Rahul Kashyap, Alok Kumar

Abstract:- This article describes the design and implementation of a comprehensive digital security system with the goal of providing a 24-hour digital watchdog for organisations such as banks, schools, churches, private residences, and anything else that requires monitoring. This goal was achieved through the application of infrared and digital technology. An infrared (I.R.) diode transmits the signal, which is collected and decoded by the receiver circuitry. Obstruction of the line of sight (within 8 metres) resulted in a digital display of the trespassed zone. This also sets off an alarm, both of which are set to last 30 seconds. To ensure that only people activate the alert, the transmitters and sensors should be placed at least one metre above the ground.

Keywords:- Display, Decoder, infrared, latch, timer.

Authors:- Vijesh K P, Satheesh Kaimal

Abstract:- The goal of this research is to improve the system in a wireless power supply utilising numerous transmitters by algebraically assessing the impacts of a circuit parameter and an axis displacement, among other things. Aside from these studies, another goal is to develop, manufacture, and test a wireless charger with good position stability. We examined the circumstance in which three transmitters are employed as power sources in the suggested strategy. According to Biot-Savart rule and circuit equation, the optimal layout of three transmitters is equilateral triangular. The transmitted power is measured in the experiment when the receiver is moved vertically in relation to the central axis of the coils. It has been established that 44.5mW is broadcast at transmitter face-to-face and 2.4mW is sent at transmitter centre.

Keywords:- Circuit Equation, Biot-Savart law, Axial displacement, Multiple transmitter, Wireless power transfer

Author:- Ajay Chourasia

Abstract:- The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) gives financial support to the Marine Communications Centre (MCC) for Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Interference (EMC/EMI) linked problems on industry based fishing vessels shorter than twenty metres. The purpose of the survey is to offer electrical conditions for the boats. The relevant data was gathered by using the "electrical noise" measuring method. Due to the lack of an electrical noise reduction strategy, some autopilot systems are vulnerable to High Frequency Single Side Band (HF SSB) transmitters. The primary goal of the survey is to identify the best electrical noise reduction solution for fishing vessels.

Keywords:- Electrical Noise Suppression, Marine Communication, Electrical Noise Measurement, Electrical Interference Problem.

Author:- Abhinav VS

Abstract:- In this project, a 1st order single-loop single-bit digital sigma-delta modulator is designed. In this project, a 1 bit ADC is used in conjunction with a Difference Amplifier, integrator, and DAC in feedback. As an ADC, a two-stage comparator is employed. Because of this design of anti aliasing filter, oversampling and noise shaping technologies are used. Tanner is also used to validate the design's behavioural simulations. A top-down system design technique is offered to estimate the degree of effect of modulator structural factors on modulator performance. This technique not only gives crucial guidance for implementing the modulator in an FPGA processor, but it also decreases design complexity and shortens the integrated circuit (IC) design time.

Keywords:- FPGA, DAC, ADC, Sigma-Delta modulator, Oversampling.

Authors:- Shrikant Pokharkar, Ajay Chaurasia, Aakash Kushwaha

Abstract:- Massive MIMO is a variation on conventional MIMO in which the base stations are furnished with a large number of antennas, generally a hundred or more. With the increased volume of data transmission, this massive number of antennas provides several benefits for wireless communication. Each antenna may serve several users at once, resulting in decreased power consumption and data rate amplification. Additionally, smaller and more concentrated beams are aimed at specific user devices near the cell boundary, increasing downlink signal quality. Using massive MIMO enhances network reliability, minimises noise effects, and lowers interference. The system's throughput increases as the number of individuals receiving service increases.

Keywords:- Base stations, Massive MIMO, 5G, MIMO-NOMA.

Author:- Gunjan Sharma

Abstract:-There are many diseases affecting the population trends globally. Miniaturization of sensors in combined with medical information technology provides efficient solutions to reduce costs and deliver remote medical services through connected devices. Remote consultation via videoâ€conferencing has been well established, but the chronic or longâ€term musculoskeletal conditions require proâ€active management and therapy thus raising the need to develop more advanced telerehabilitation systems. In this paper, we introduce Kinect RTC that can be used for Kinectâ€based telerehabilitation with efficient realâ€time transmission of video, audio and skeletal data. The Web Realâ€Time Communication (WebRTC) technology has benefitted to the proposed framework which is able to manage video and audio streams based on the state of the network and the available bandwidth to guarantee the realâ€time performance of the communication.

Keywords:- Realâ€time, Kinect, Telerehabilitation, video

Authors:- Dr. N. Rameshkumar, B. Balajee

Abstract:- The lifting scheme is an implementation of Discrete Wavelet Transform. It presents primed computation of the wavelet coefficients. This paper presents Field Programmable Gate Array implementation of 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform to compress the images for recovery and storage. The aim of this paper is to investigate novel and efficient Very Large Scale Integration designs for the lifting algorithm. The design is made in VHSIC Hardware Description Language using Xilinx ISE and the simulator used is ISE Simulator. The design can be used to reduce the complexity for lossy image compression. The Lifting Scheme has less memory requirement.

Keywords:- Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), Daubachies (9, 7) Filters, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL).

Authors:- Dr. Abhishek Bhaskar, Aditya Gautam, Alok Kumar

Abstract:- Mobile computing has received a lot of interest recently due to the availability of a range of mobile terminals and simple wireless connectivity. A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that communicate over a limited bandwidth. Because network topology can vary fast and predictably over time, each node must work together to implement a communication routing protocol that facilitates network discovery, ensures message delivery, and identifies unsuccessful message delivery attempts. Because the movement of mobile nodes in MANET is arbitrary, the network topology may change swiftly and arbitrarily at unknown moments, resulting in both unidirectional and bidirectional linkages. The unexpected behaviour of nodes leads cluster life to be unstable. The majority of clustering techniques assume minimal mobility, which does not represent the dynamic nature of MANETs. Mobility is an important attribute of a cluster in a mobile ad hoc network, particularly during cluster creation and clusterhead election.

Keywords:- MANET, Mobile Computing, Network topology, Clusterheads

Authors:- Alka Bhonsala, Vidya Singh, Kajal Pathak

Abstract:- To improve the energy efficiency of routes in multi - hop wireless networks, a variety of energy-aware routing protocols have been suggested. Several geographically localised routing methods were suggested among them to aid in making wiser routing decisions using just local information and to decrease routing overhead. However, none of the offered localised routing algorithms can ensure their routes' energy efficiency.

We begin with a basic localised routing algorithm called Localized Energy-Aware Restricted Neighbourhood Routing (LEARN), which may guarantee the energy efficiency of its route if it is successful in finding it. We then theoretically investigate its essential transmission radius in random networks, which can guarantee that LEARN routing finds a route asymptotically virtually always.

We also extend the suggested routing to three-dimensional (3D) networks and simulate them using the NS2 (network simulator 2) tool.

Keywords:- Wireless Sensor Networks, LEARN, Random networks, Network simulator 2

Authors:- Phutane A A, Sakhalkar S A, Pawar N D, Prof. Belagali P.P.

Abstract:-  Wireless power transfer system transfer electric energy from a source to load without any wired connection WPT’s are attractive for many industrial applications because of their advantages compared to the wired charging such as no use of any wires, easy charging and comfortable transmission of power in adverse environmental conditions. In WPT we used two coils and we charge our battery with the use of magnetic coupling between two coils. In electric vehicle charging method transmitter coils are placed under the road and receiver coils are placed in the vehicle. IWPT, method is mainly used for medium high power transfer applications like EV charging because its exhibits greater efficiency. As we know the battery is heart of e-vehicle, without battery E-vehicle there is no use of it. But according to the size of battery it has its own specific limitation. Aim of this project is to provide charging to battery in either in both modes moving and steady.

Keywords:- Atmega328p-pu, LCD 16*2, Voltage Tripler circuit, Opt coupler, 12V 1 A adapter, 5W 12V solar panel, square wave inverter PCB, 12V battery, 3205 n-channel MOSFET, 21 gauge copper coil, bulb

 

Authors : Aarav Nair,  Priya Verma 

Abstract: Solar energy, a clean and abundant source of power, has emerged as a vital solution to the growing energy demand and environmental challenges. This paper explores the design and implementation of a solar energy-based power supply system, examining key components such as photovoltaic (PV) panels, inverters, charge controllers, and batteries. The objective is to provide a sustainable and efficient energy source for various applications. The study involves a detailed literature review, technical methodologies for system integration, and performance evaluation based on simulated and real-time data. Emphasis is placed on improving system efficiency, optimizing energy storage, and reducing dependency on conventional fossil fuels.

Keywords: Solar Energy, Photovoltaic System, Power Supply, Renewable Energy, Battery Storage, Inverter, Sustainability

Authors : Ravi Kumar, Sneha Patel 

Abstract: The evolution of energy metering has taken a significant leap with the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT-based smart energy meters offer real-time energy monitoring, remote accessibility, and enhanced efficiency in energy consumption. This paper delves into the design, working principles, and implementation strategies for IoT based smart energy meters. Through extensive literature review and practical methodology, it demonstrates how such systems can revolutionize traditional metering approaches, foster energy conservation, and integrate into the smart grid framework. Future enhancements in security, scalability, and AI-integration are also discussed.

Keywords: Smart Energy Meter, Internet of Things, Real-time Monitoring, Energy Efficiency, Remote Access, Smart Grid, Data Analytics.

Authors: Ananya Singh,  Rahul Mehta

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive analysis and implementation of a Home Automation System using relays and microcontrollers. The system allows control of home appliances such as lights, fans, and other electronics via automation protocols controlled by a microcontroller, increasing energy efficiency, safety, and user convenience. The integration of relay modules ensures effective switching capabilities for high-power devices, while microcontrollers act as the central processing unit for communication and decision-making. With the emergence of IoT and smart homes, such systems are becoming integral in modern living environments. The proposed system is economical, easily replicable, and highly scalable for large-scale deployments.

Keywords: Home Automation, Microcontroller, Relay Module, Smart System, Embedded Systems, Automation Control, Energy Efficiency

Authors: Aniket Raj,  Riya Sharma

Abstract : The increasing demand for automation in electromechanical systems has paved the way for the integration of microcontroller-based control mechanisms such as Arduino in controlling DC motors. Speed regulation is critical in many applications including robotics, electric vehicles, and conveyor systems. This paper presents a detailed study on the speed control of DC motors using Arduino, focusing on the integration of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), motor driver circuits, and feedback sensors. The research aims to provide a reliable, cost-effective, and easy-to-implement method of controlling motor speed with precision.

Keywords: Arduino, DC Motor, Speed Control, PWM, Motor Driver, Microcontroller, Feedback System

Authors: Kunal Mehta,  Sneha Patil 

Abstract: The Battery Management System (BMS) is a critical component in electric vehicles (EVs) that ensures the safe, efficient, and long-lasting operation of battery packs. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the design, architecture, and functionality of BMS in the context of electric vehicles. Key areas include battery monitoring, state estimation, thermal management, fault detection, and balancing techniques. The study includes a comprehensive literature review of existing BMS technologies and an analytical methodology involving simulations and real-time testing of EV batteries. Future prospects such as AI-based predictive maintenance and solid-state battery integration are also discussed. This paper serves as a foundational resource for researchers and engineers aiming to develop advanced BMS solutions.

Keywords: Battery Management System, Electric Vehicles, State of Charge, Thermal Management, Fault Detection, Battery Balancing, Lithium-ion

Author : Advik Sharma 

Abstract: The transformer, a key component in electrical power systems, is pivotal in stepping voltage up or down for efficient transmission and distribution. This paper provides a comprehensive study on the working principles of transformers, including electromagnetic induction, mutual inductance, and energy transfer between coils. It explores core types, winding configurations, and the physical laws that govern its operation. Emphasis is placed on transformer efficiency, losses, and practical implications in power systems. A detailed literature review supports the theoretical analysis. Methodologies include experimental setups and simulations. Future advancements in transformer technology for energy sustainability are discussed.

Keywords: Transformer, Electromagnetic Induction, Mutual Inductance, Power Transmission, Efficiency, Electrical Engineering

Authors : Abhinav Shukla,  Aditya Pandit 

Abstract: eople all throughout the world are increasingly using automobiles, particularly motorcycles, as their primary mode of mobility. Aside from the increase in motorcycle users, motorcycle robbery has been on the rise for quite some time. In this regard, a framework for motorbike burglary anticipation that is less demanding and faster has been developed. The customer of this framework will be notified via an alert if the motorcycle is transferred to a long distance or if any cables are disconnected and stolen. Bike theft is readily detected using Raspberry Pi Technology, which uses hardware-based relay operations that are linked to software in a mobile application. Whenever the bike is attempted to be stolen or escapes without being seen by the user, the relay circuit in the bike activates and emits a buzzer sound with bright illumination, indicating an alarm to the user in his/her mobile application. Another system concept was to notify a relative user in the event of a bike collision in any situation and to indicate fuel levels in two-wheelers in litres. Both systems are reliant on smartphone applications such as blynk and Google Assistant, which allows the user to issue an alarm to the user who is grappling with an accident. A gyroscope mounted on the bike sends signals to the Raspberry Pi, which sends notifications to the rider at any moment. In the other instance, if the user is not injured, he or she can reset the system's functionality. Finally, users may have difficulties determining trip plans due to the analogue depiction of gasoline in a two-wheeler. So, in this system, ultrasonic technology installed in the bike at the fuel tank lid monitors the gasoline level in the bike and provides the data to the user via the same mobile application using a Raspberry Pi.

Keywords:Raspberry Pi, Accelerometer, Vibration sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Global Positioning System (GPS), Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM), Internet access Google Assistant

Author: P. Hareesh

Abstract: The seismic tremor or volcanoes have a genuine danger to the wellbeing of fast railroad activity. Sending quake early admonitions to trains in time is a significant way to maintain a strategic distance from or alleviate the impacts of debacles. As indicated by the specialized attributes of China's railroad portable correspondence framework, this paper proposes a remote information transmission plot for seismic tremor early admonition, which utilizes cell-based situating strategy to follow the trains' position and the quake early alerts are repetitively sent by methods for parcel exchanged information and cell broadcast short message. The test outcomes show that the proposed technique meets the necessities of quake early notice for fast railroads in China, and can understand the quick arrival of cautiondata.

Keywords: High-speed railway, Fast warning of earthquake or volcano , GSM-R, GPRS, cellperformance.

Author : Juhi Patel

Abstract: Within circles and domains of conflict and calamities, humanitarian communications has greatly facilitated human engagement and mutual understanding. During a crisis, how information is transmitted and received is critical. With peace on the verge of extinction around the world and the growth of countless humanitarian organisations, the need to explore communication is critical, given the importance of information, mutual understanding, and knowledge to victims of armed conflict and natural disasters. This paper explained the concept of humanitarian communications, types of humanitarian communications, and the importance of humanitarian communications to victims of armed conflict and naturaldisasters.

Keywords: Natural disaster, Armed conflict, Knowledge, humanitarian communications

Authors : Zaftar Ahmed, Priya Sharma 

Abstract: In this paper, Compensator is a flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) controller, which can either absorb or deliver reactive power to a power system. Distribution Static Compensator (D STATCOM) is proposed to compensate for reactive power and unbalance caused by various distribution system loads. The static distribution compensator is based on the VSC principle. A D STATCOM injects a current into the system to correct the voltage sag, swell and power factor. Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D- STATCOM) is an effective measure to maintain voltage stability and improve the distribution grid's power quality. This paper deals with the modeling and control scheme of D-STATCOM. Stability analysis of D- STATCOM is obtained by bode plotapproach.

Keywords: -D-STATCOM, improve power quality, stability, reactivepower

Author: S. Sreeremya. 

Abstract: Globally, electronics industry is the largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry. In the last couple of decades, it has played a crucial part in socio -economic and technological growth of societies. The Basel convention delineates wastes as substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of by the provisions of national laws. This paper garners information regarding the generation of E-waste and its proper management in a global level.

Keywords:- E-waste, Basel convention, Generation, Management

Author: Rajesh T, G. M. Tamilselvan, Arun Jayakar S.

Abstract: In process control, the non linear process poses a stiff challenge as it can't be controlled by the conventional P+I+D linear controller. In this paper, a model predictive control algorithm is proposed whose design is based on fuzzy logic controller in order to achieve conical tank level control. The process reaction curve method was used to recognize a first order process model for every stable operating point and MATLAB was used to for its real time implementation in simulink. The results of this experiment show that the control scheme proposed in this paper result in good set point tracking disturbance rejection capability.

Keywords: MPC, PID, fuzzy, conical tank, MATLAB

Author: Mouni Mukherjee, Sanchari Dasgupta

Abstract: In this paper, the behavior of conducting materials in electrostatic fields is studied. It is important to observe the equilibrium state of the electric charges when conducting materials are put through experiments to determine their usability in industrial applications. The relationship between charge distribution and its equilibrium state are studied with regards to time constant, also known as the relaxation time. As the electric field in a conducting material is zero when the charges flowing inside it reach their equilibrium, some quick observations are made to understand the behavior of conducting materials under different charges. Time factor is an important consideration in this.

Keywords: Electrostatic Fields, Charge Distribution and Equilibrium, Laplace’s and Poisson’s Equations.

Author:  Samiksha Bhale, Shivani Kankate, Kirti Patil, Rakhi Kharat.

Abstract: There are several possibilities of fire in any remote area or in an industry. For instance, in garments, go downs, cotton mills, and fuel storage tanks, electric leakages may result in immense fire & harm. In the worst of cases & scenarios, fire causes heavy losses both financially and by taking lives. Robotics is the best possible way to guard human lives, wealth and surroundings. The control circuitry of the robot is built on Arduino UNO. There are four fire sensors interfaced in the control circuitry in the forward, left, right and back side of the robot.

A motor is attached on the robot which will actually simulate the functioning of a water pump. This is a prototype model. Apart from the component's interfacing in the circuit, the main significance is of the Arduino sketch running on the controller circuit. It is the Arduino sketch which provides the software intelligence to sense fire intensity using fire sensors, move robot in the direction where fire intensity is more and increase or decrease speed of motor pump. The Arduino sketch is written and compiled using Arduino IDE.

Keywords: Arduino UNO, Fire sensors, Arduino IDE.

Author: Dr Nemailal Tarafder.

Abstract: Electronic textile fabrics that can function electrically as electronics and behave physically as textiles which enable computing, digital components and electronics embedded in them. Recent advances in technologies bringing clothing, technology and textiles together to create fabrics with capabilities for users as varied as athletes, patients, soldiers and ordinary consumers. After the invention of metallic yarns, it is found easy to use electronic chips in textile materials. Manufacturing of smart products demands a complex and innovative technological approach by combining conventional textile manufacturing technologies as weaving, knitting and embroidery with technologies originating from the electronic sphere, such as coating, lithography and ink-jet printing. The implement of truly wearable instrumented garments which are capable of recording biomechanical variables are crucial in several fields of applications.

Keywords: Electro active fabrics, Smart textiles, Textile sensors, Metallic yarns, Fibre optic sensors.      

Author: Nemailal Tarafder 

Abstract: The basic materials to construct e-textiles, conductive threads and fabrics have been around for 1000 years. Conductive yarns and fabrics continue to improve and the ranges expand, creating better, more durable and reliable building blocks for new products. Product designers have new options for a complex ecosystem of different material, component and connections to produce better properties including wash ability, stretch ability and new functionalities. The jungle of consumer fitness devices are growing denser day to day. Bio-metric sensors can provide various metrics for athletes to become integral tools moving forward. High-tech textiles in competition sports show prospective research potentials. Smart textiles create textile products that interact by combining smart materials and integrated computing power into textile applications. Wearable technology is become heavily ingrained into professional sports, allowing adverse metrics t be taken into account and utilized with within training and allowing for real-time decisions to be taken subsequently.

Keywords: Sportswears, e-textiles, Wearable Technologies.

Author: Dr L. Suresh Kumar.

Abstract: Intelligent instruments are used in every part of our lives. It won’t take much time to realize that most of our tasks are being done by Electronics. They will perform one of the most complicated tasks that a person does in a day, that of driving a vehicle. As the days of manned driving are getting extremely numbered, so are those of traffic jams, dangerous and rough drivers and more importantly, accidents. According to Mr Willie D. Jones in the IEEE SPECTRUM magazine (September 2001), a person dies in a car crash every second. Automation of the driving control of vehicles is one of the most vital needs of the hour. This technology can very well implement what was absent before, controlled lane driving.

The ultimate aim of this project is to automatically control the speed of the vehicles at speed restricted areas such as school and hospital zone etc. This project is mainly developed to avoid accidents due to high speed vehicles and also to enable the public to cross the road without any danger from high speed vehicles. Usually the drivers drive the vehicles at high speed without considering the public in speed limited areas too. Even though the traffic police control them we cannot achieve full response from them. Also it is not possible to monitor those areas at all time to regulate their speed. Thus this project paves way for controlling the speed of the vehicles within certain limit in those restricted zones without the interruption of the drivers. Here we use RF communication method for controlling purpose. In order to implement this in public then we want to attach the RF receiver along with the vehicle and the Transmitter with these Zones. These transmitters are programmed to send the coded signals continuously with certain delay in between. Whenever the vehicles enter into these zones their receivers will receive this code and then the speed of the vehicles is controlled automatically by taking control action in the throttle valve. This will reduce the over speed to the desired speed limit.       

Keywords: Throttle Valve, Transmitter, Intelligent instruments. 

Author: Karan Agarwal, Kunal Agarwal, Shalini Agarwal.

Abstract: The next generation networks will be based on the “Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)”. A large number of effective nano devices like sensors and actuators are being manufactured by various companies. These nano devices have become an integral part of our daily life in terms of gadgets and equipments that we use on day to day basis. As the field of nanotechnology continues to progress and find solutions to diverse problems ranging in computer science, bio-technology, agriculture and defense industry, the adaptation of existing distributed computer networks to process large volumes of data generated by nano devices has become a critical issue. The main aim of this paper is to study the challenges in overcoming the network traffic problems in IoNT. The authors attempt to present a network architecture of IoNT and the associated novel routing protocol comprising of nano routers and nano interface devices which shape network traffic to achieve optimized network performance parameters such as time delay and throughput.  

Keywords: Graphene, Nano sensors, Nano technology, Terahertz band.

Author: Anirudh Manaria, Kamal Pandey, Aasheesh Kumar, Dr. Farooq Husain.

Abstract: To enable the successful deployment of task-achieving advanced war robot systems the interactions must be coordinated among the robots within the MTS and between the robots and the task environment. There have been a number of impressive experimentally demonstrated coordinated MTS; however, most have been designed through ad hoc procedures, typically providing task-special, empirical insights with few contributions toward greatly needed general-purpose, principled design methods. Modern military forces are using different kinds of robots for different applications ranging from mine detection to rescue operations. In order to make robots efficient for the unpredicted cluttered environment of the battlefield, research on different aspects of robots are under examination in laboratories to be able to do its job autonomously, as efficiently as a human operated machine can do.

Keywords: Wireless, robot, RF technology, Transmission, Reception, War, Spy, Surveillance.

Author: Shekhar Kumar, Anshika Sharma, Rishabh Sharma, Shubham Kesarwani.

Abstract: The grass cutter uses a solar based energy source, which is easier to use, more advantageous compared to other energy source especially for gas based source of power. But our solar grass cutter is based on solar power because this energy is a renewable source of energy and it is easy to work. So we made solar powered grass cutter.

Keywords:  Solar Power, Battery, Lawn Mower, DC Motor, Servomotor, Sprinkle.            

Author: Anuj Patil

Abstract: Light-controlled switches, leveraging the capabilities of Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs), have emerged as an essential component in modern energy-efficient and automated lighting systems. These systems are designed to operate electrical appliances based on ambient light intensity, thereby offering a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solution for residential, commercial, and industrial applications. This paper explores the theoretical principles, design architecture, and practical implementation of a light-controlled switch using an LDR sensor. The study begins with an introduction to the working mechanism of LDRs, followed by an examination of various circuit configurations that employ LDRs in conjunction with operational amplifiers, transistors, and relays. It further emphasizes the role of threshold voltage levels and resistor selection in ensuring optimal performance of the light-sensing mechanism. Additionally, we highlight the potential applications of such systems in automatic street lighting, home automation, and smart lighting controls. A comprehensive analysis of the advantages, limitations, and potential improvements in future designs is also presented. This investigation serves to provide a deep insight into the functioning of light-controlled switches and emphasizes their importance in the advancement of smart electrical systems.

Keywords: LDR, Light-Controlled Switch, Automation, Smart Lighting, Photoresistor, Threshold Voltage, Relay Circuit

Authors : Narasimha Pandit, R.L.Chakrasali

Abstract: Distribution Transformer (DT) is the heart of a power distribution system. The DTs, especially of ratings 25 kVA to 250 kVA, are large in number in Indian power distribution utilities and most of these are old transformers, with high No load losses and Load losses. They fail frequently predominantly due to ageing, overload, and poor maintenance, causing huge monetary loss to the utilities and power interruptions to the customers. As it is most economical and faster way of restoring power supply to the affected area and customers, the failed DTs are repaired and put into service again, instead of providing a new DT there. Frequent failure and repair has led to the DTs losing their functionality, and maintainability. The DTs are also showing operational issues in terms of huge losses. A study is done in this paper, to find out the effect of replacing all these old Repaired Good DTs (RGDTs) by Amorphous Metal core DTs (AMDTs), on the net saving in system losses. This kind of asset management strategy, which is usually performed for large power transformers, is carried out for DTs in this paper, with thorough analysis and calculation of payback period. The study revealed encouraging results.

Keywords: Ageing, Amorphous metal core, distribution transformer, losses, repair, asset management, payback period.

Author: Akanksha Khare Shrivastava

Abstract: Transformer is one of the most basic units in modern power system. The use of ferrite core gives an improvement in this direction since it has very high permeability because of which it can withstand higher voltages at reduced physical sizes. Attention has also been given to the fact that at which frequency the transformer works best, i.e. amplifies the input the most. This can be useful while using ferrite core in testing transformers. The transformer windings compose an electrical network in the space. This network must necessarily have a transfer function. By evaluating this transfer function, we can have a good understanding of the transformer windings and equivalent network which have several meshes depending upon order of transfer function. .When a fault occurs, the windings get displaced and in-turn the distribution of impedance parameters gets disturbed. Transfer function through analyzed by Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) of power transformer characteristics.

Keywords: Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA), Swept Frequency Method, Transformers, Voltage

Authors : Digamber Nath Tiwari, Savita Panday

Abstract: A typical common source cascode low-noise amplifier (CS-LNA) can be treated as a CS-CG two stage amplifier. In the published literature, an inductor is added at the drain of the main transistor to reduce the noise contribution of the cascode transistors. In this work, an inductor connected at the gate of the cascode transistor and capacitive cross-coupling are strategically combined to reduce the noise and the nonlinearity influences of the cascode transistors in a differential cascode CS-LNA. It uses a smaller noise reduction inductor compared with the conventional inductor based technique. It can reduce the noise, improve the linearity and also increase the voltage gain of the LNA. The proposed technique is theoretically formulated. Furthermore, as a proof of concept, a 2.4 GHz inductively degenerated CS-LNA was fabricated using TSMC 0.18 m CMOS technology. The resulting LNA achieves 1.92 dB noise-figures with the core fully differential LNA at 1.8 V power supply.

Keywords:Low noise amplifier (LNA), capacitive cross-coupling, noise figure, noise reduction, linearity improvement, RF circuit.

Authors: Roger Ghanem, Limin Zhang

Abstract: The main objective of the MIMO-OFDM system is to add OMDM technology with the techniques of OMDO technology. Increasing demand for multimedia services and the development of Internet-related content increases interest in high-speed communication. OFDM is a type of multichannel modulation that divides the same channel into several parallel sub-channels or suborders so that many symbols can be sent in parallel. OFDM system spreads the information over number of transporters which are at particular predefined frequencies. This diminishes or eliminates the ISI. Forward blunder amendment or channel coding is a strategy utilized for controlling mistakes in information transmission over inconsistent or boisterous correspondence channels. The goal of our proposed paper is to execute the FEC into the MIMO OFDM frameworks and its execution is dissected by utilizing MATLAB over various blurring channels. For adjustment it utilizes M-QAM which consolidates both ASK and PSK along these lines empowering a few bits to be transmitted per image.

Keywords: Inter symbol interference (ISI), Bit error rate (BER), QAM, MIMO-OFDM

Author: Sakshi Verma

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive analysis and implementation of a Temperature Monitoring System using the LM35 temperature sensor interfaced with an Arduino microcontroller. With the growing need for real-time temperature monitoring in various sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, industrial automation, and environmental control, it becomes imperative to design efficient and reliable temperature sensing systems. The LM35 sensor provides accurate analog temperature readings which can be processed by the Arduino for monitoring, display, and control applications. The proposed system is not only cost-effective but also energy-efficient and easily scalable for different types of applications. Through this paper, the entire process of circuit design, interfacing, and coding logic is discussed in detail, emphasizing practical insights and real-time application performance. Furthermore, the introduction highlights the importance of temperature monitoring in current technological trends and the advantages of using Arduino for embedded system applications.

Keywords:—Temperature Sensor, LM35, Arduino, Monitoring System, Embedded Systems, Real-time Measurement

Authors : P. Devi Pradeep, N.Ramkumar

Abstract: In modern VLSI systems power dissipation is very high due to rapid switching of internal signals. It has been shown that for every bit of information lost in logic computations that are not reversible, KT*log2 joules of heat energy are generated, where K is Boltzmann’s constant and T is the absolute temperature at which computation is performed [1]. In fact zero power dissipation in logic circuits is possible only if a circuit is composed of reversible logic gates. The design implemented using Tanner Spice tools

Keywords: Reversible gates, CMOS, Fredkin, Toffoli, Peres

Authors : D. Hadassah Rachel, G.Anjaneyulu

Abstract: The Latches and flip-flops are fundamental blocks for sequential circuits. In this paper, a new type of pulsed latches of is introduced. Its topology is depends on a push–pull final stage driven by two split paths with a conditional pulse generator, which differs in two circuit implementations which can be either shared (CSP3L) or not (CP3L).The concert for proposed topology is very fast and outperforms the familiar transmission gate pulsed latch (TGPL) and TGPL is taken as reference circuit. Hence the proposed pulsed latch has the highest performance yet reported. Accordingly, the proposed class of pulsed latches goes within the current state of the art and it is well suited for VLSI systems that require high performance. The designs are simulated in mentor graphic tools with a supply voltage of 0.8v at 130nm technology.

Keywords: -Flip-Flops (FFs), pulsed latches, Energy efficiency, energy-delay tradeoff, high speed, low power.

Authors : Md. Robiul Islam, Labid Bin Bashar, Dip Kumar Saha, NazmusSowad Rafi

Abstract: This paper presents comparative study different airfoils from NACA and NREL Airfoil families focusing on their suitability for small wind turbine. In this point of view, four criteria of comparison have been taken into account. The criteria are: maximum glide ratio at lower and higher Reynolds number, difference between angle of attack between lower and higher Reynolds number and percentage deviation of maximum glide ratio from stall point. XFOIL analysis with the help of Qblade software results in data necessary for comparing two families of airfoil which finally show that NACA airfoils have better average performance criteria whereas NREL airfoils have better stability criteria.

Keywords: -Airfoil, glide ratio, coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag, angle of attack

Authors: Channabasavaraj P M, Megha K R, Sushmitha M, Shwetha Baliga

Abstract: The existing redundancy protocols operate in L2 and the redundant switch or router must be in the same physical network as the falling router for the switchover to occur. The L2 redundancy protocol like HSPR, VRRP, and GLPB are implemented and their results are compared. It can be seen that VRRP having least hold time of 3.609 s, and also minimum hello time of 1 s. Hello time and hold time are the parameters considered while implementing L2 redundancy. It also discusses about various advantages and disadvantages of each protocol.

Keywords:HSPR, VRRP, GLPB, L2.

Authors: Dr. Saurabh Tiwari

Abstract: Inverters are fundamental components in modern electrical and electronic systems, serving as the bridge between direct current (DC) sources and alternating current (AC) loads. Their role has grown significantly with the proliferation of renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and portable power applications. This paper explores the complete design and operational principles of inverters, including their classifications, switching strategies, waveform synthesis, and practical applications. Attention is given to single-phase and three-phase inverter configurations, modulation techniques such as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), and the latest developments in inverter topologies like multilevel and hybrid inverters. The design considerations focus on efficiency, heat dissipation, harmonic distortion, and control complexity. Moreover, the paper highlights recent innovations in inverter control systems utilizing digital signal processors (DSPs) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for precise control and enhanced functionality. This in-depth study aims to provide students, researchers, and engineers with a comprehensive understanding of inverter systems that are critical to modern power electronics and energy systems.

Keywords: Inverter, PWM, Power Electronics, DC-AC Conversion, Multilevel Inverter, Harmonics, DSP, SPWM

Author: Dr. J. Jasper Gnana Chandran, K. Mathew

Abstract: The aim of the intended work is to design an efficient multiplier architecture based Upon Vertical Horizontal Binary Common Subexpression Elimination (VHBCSE) algorithm for FIR filter synthesis. In any FIR filter, the multiplier is the major constraint which defines the performance of desired filter. Binary Common Subexpression Elimination (BCSE) algorithm introduces the concept of eliminating the Common Subexpression (CS) in binary form for designing an efficient multiplier with low complexity. In VHBCSE, horizontal BCSE algorithm utilizes CSs occurring within each coefficient to get rid of redundant computations, while vertical BCSE uses CSs found across adjacent coefficients to eliminate redundant computations. A 2- bit vertical BCSE has been applied first on the adjacent coefficient, followed by 4 bit and 8 bit horizontal BCSEs to reduce the number of adders required in the multiplier of FIR filters. As a result, the proposed multiplier offers good reduction in the number of adders in realizing FIR filters. The proposed scheme is coded in Verilog language and simulation is performed using Xilinx ISE 13.4.

Authors: Balaji C. Takle, Harish B. Dorak, Narendra R. Kumbhar, Akshata R. Wandrekar, Pravin S. Phutane

Abstract: This project presents the implementation of electric hoist using a control operation based on Arduino board and RF module. It controls the functions of movement and direction such as up and down, and left or right with its relay-supporting dc voltage. Relay control on-off operation is effective to variation of rotation of the motor. The remote control is based on a smart phone application based on android platform with a RF module connectivity used as a transmission as well as reception ports with Arduino module. With the introduction of RF module, another dimension is aggregated, the possibility to connect to the devices wireless. The technology makes it possible to easily access the built-in user interfaces through portable devices but also to access the device data without the need for a physical connection.

Authors: Hamsini B R, Rukmini A G, Suprita P Kulkarni, Sushma S, J N Hemalatha

Abstract: The modern farm tractor makes so many of the meals served in our country possible. So, although increasing productivity and reducing emissions will require the adoption of new methods, modern farming technology is more than ready to tackle the challenge. Safer tractor operations and the use of protective equipment could prevent many of the deaths and injuries involving tractors. Owners, managers, and tractor operators all play a major role in making tractor operations safer. Owners have responsibilities for providing a safer environment and safer equipment. Managers coordinate maintenance designed to ensure the safety of equipment, as well as safety policies and programs. The final responsibility for making the operation of tractors safer lies with the tractor operators themselves. It's often only when an incident occurs that people become focused on what might have prevented injury or loss of life.Making a tractor with good efficiency with optimum cost is a challenge. This can be done only when each component present in an independent hybrid tractor works reliably and these components must have long life. Design and selection of the components thus plays an important role. Our idea of independent-hybrid quarter scale tractor aims to cater the fuel efficiency norm as well as make an efficient system for the farmers to handle their various tasks. With the concept of Combustion engine running on gasoline along with the electric motor as the secondary source, energy management becomes an integral part of the design. In a parallel hybrid electric vehicle the single electric motor and the internal combustion engine are installed to deliver power in parallel to drive the wheels. As both the engine and electric motor are connected to the drive shaft through a mechanical coupling, they can propel the vehicle by the engine alone, by the motor alone, or by both together. The electric motor can be used as a generator to charge the energy storage devices (battery or ultracapacitors) by regeneration braking or by extra power from the engine. As the engine is connected to the wheels via mechanical coupling, it makes this type hybrid quite efficient on the highway. In addition, a parallel hybrid vehicle only needs two propulsion devices – engine and electric motor, which makes the system very compact.

Authors:-Syed Muzafar Ahmed S

Abstract:-Direct Torque Control is a control technique used in AC drive systems to obtain high performance torque control. The torque and flux are controlled simultaneously by applying suitable voltage vectors, and by limiting these quantities within their hysteresis bands, decoupled control of torque and flux can be achieved. The work of this project is to study and evaluate the DTC with open loop and close loop control of three level diode clamped inverter applied to the direct torque control of induction machines through simulations. The simulations were carried out using MATLAB/ SIMULINK simulation package.

 

Authors: Naheed Hossain, Ferdous S. Azad, Syed Raihan Hossain

Abstract: Power exhaustion is one of the biggest problems faced by consumer electronics users. Energy storage should be more and more sustainable. The energy-saving option of a consumer device is accepted and welcome, but modern facilities in consumer electronics need more power. Supercapacitor can help manufacturers to allow their devices to reserve more power. Super-capacitor has high surface electrodes with extremely large capacitance. It can deposit energy in the electric field of the electrochemical double layer.

Authors: Vikram Sngh R. Parihar

Abstract: The key challenge to the cable protection lies in faithfully police work and uninflected faults compromising the protection of the system. during this paper reciprocal ohm Characteristics and Frequency Dependent (Phase) model sort cable square measure modelled and simulated victimisation PSCAD/EMTDC package. a quick Fourier remodel block in PSCAD/EMTDC has been accustomed extract the basic part. Unsymmetrical and symmetrical faults at totally different zones were performed to review the performance of the relay characteristics and to research the consistency of the relay models generated with the planned methodology. The network utilized in this paper is 230kv systems.

Keywords: Line protection, Mho relay, Symmetrical faults, Unsymmetrical faults, Zone protection

Authors: Dr. N. Rameshkumar1, B. Balajee2

Abstract: The lifting scheme is an implementation of Discrete Wavelet Transform. It presents primed computation of the wavelet coefficients. This paper presents Field Programmable Gate Array implementation of 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform to compress the images for recovery and storage. The aim of this paper is to investigate novel and efficient Very Large Scale Integration designs for the lifting algorithm. The design is made in VHSIC Hardware Description Language using Xilinx ISE and the simulator used is ISE Simulator. The design can be used to reduce the complexity for lossy image compression. The Lifting Scheme has less memory requirement.

Keywords: Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), Daubachies (9, 7) Filters, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL).

Authors: Babaso J. Lamkane1, Archana A. Pawar 2

Abstract: In this paper, high efficiency single-chip solar energy harvesting IC using on chip solar cell for biomedical implant applications is presented. By inserting an on-chip charge pump with parallel connected photodiodes, a 3.5× efficiency improvement can be achieved when compared with the conventional stacked photodiode approach to boost the harvested voltage. A photodiode assisted dual startup circuit (PDSC) is also used to improve the area efficiency and increase the startup speed by 77%. High efficiency system is implemented on 0.18-μm CMOS technology and it occupies an active area about 1.54 mm2. Here on chip charge pump is used so we get maximum 67% efficiency with incident power 1.22 mW/cm2.

Keywords: Single chip solar energy harvesting, on chip charge pump, Auxiliary charge pump, Photodiode-assisted dual startup circuit.

Authors: Ashwini V. Hatkar

Abstract: In the last decade, solving the Sudoku puzzle has become every one’s passion. The simplicity of puzzle’s structure and the low requirement of mathematical skills caused people to have enormous interest in accepting challenges to solve the puzzle. Therefore, developers have tried to find algorithms in order to generate the variety of puzzles for human players so that they could be even solved by computer programming. In this essay, we have presented an algorithm called pencil-and-paper using human strategies. The purpose is to implement a more efficient algorithm and then compare it with another Sudoku solver named as brute force algorithm. This algorithm is a general algorithm that can be employed in to any problems. The results have proved that the pencil-and-paper algorithm solves the puzzle faster and more effective than the brute force algorithm.

Keywords: Sudoko puzzle, Algorithum

Authors: G. G. Sarate, Ravindra Borkar, S. V. Mapare

Abstract: The appearance of potassium existing in soils, potassium release and plant available potassium is discussed. The past development of the methods for detection and analysis of the potassium are discussed. This paper gives review of sensing technology and other portable methods used to determine the soil potassium.

Authors: Neeraja B K, D. Anto Sahaya Dhas

Abstract:Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes, causing abnormalities in the retina. It can eventually lead to blindness. The longer a person has diabetes higher their risk of developing some retinal problem. So it is necessary for a diabetic patient to have regular checkups. An automatic detection system using image processing techniques for DR will help to save the cost and time. Early detection of the problem will help the patients from vision loss. In this paper, an effective method for the segmentation DR image using Penalized FCM is proposed. PFCM is a modified version of FCM.

Authors: S. Prassanna Perumal, S. Vijayalakshmi, KR. Vairamani, K. Kalyani

Abstract: The impressive Multi level security based electronic voting system is introduced to ensure apposite voting procedures and voting counts. This idea prevents the illegal acts against the voting system and provides the voter authentication in an effective manner. This proposal plans to provide a fortification for each and every vote. It entirely changes the status of the election process and ensures the integrity of electoral system. The primary idea of this project is to make the voters as to have a trust in election through the methods of taking fingerprint, IRIS Scanner and providing a Voter card to each user to promise their uniqueness in the voting system and reduces the work of election committee. With the help of this method, the person can vote from any election booth easily.

Authors: Mohammad Shahabuddin, Mohammed Asim, M.A.Mallick

Abstract: The utilisation of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy to power water pumps is today an emerging technology, characterised by gradually declining costs and increasing acquaintance with the technology. Since the first installations in the end of the seventies, solar water pumping systems for providing domestic, livestock and irrigation water supplies in remote areas have gained enormously in acceptance, reliability and performance and nowadays belong most significant applications of photovoltaic energy [8]. Utilities are finding it more economical to use a photovoltaic powered pump than to provide and maintain a distribution line to remote area. In this work MATLAB simulink software is used for modeling PV cell which is further modified to develop a PV array model [4].Shading is created when a physical object such as tree, cloud and a telephone pole is physically obstructing the sunlight ,creating shadow on the photovoltaic array which affects the response of the whole system. The output declines proportionally to the amount of shading [9]. A small amount of shading can have huge impact on the performance of the solar photovoltaic panel system. If the entire cell is shaded, then no current will flow through the cell and its voltage output will collapse.

Authors: Shubham Davare1, Vaibhav Hake2, Prafull Jadhav3, Sagar Shinde4

Abstract: Today, there is no such unified and advanced system to reduce the causes of accidents. The existing system to control these accidents is very inadequate and it has spineless solution. If accidents happen, then there is no help provided to the location of the accidents because exact location of accident is not known. The proposed module in the four wheelers with network of sensor like infrared sensor, alcohol sensor has been used to reduce the menace and removing impairment of bad driving. The system interpret the causes of accidents and provide equip solution over this troublesome and act as a car black box system.

Keywords: Infrared sensor, Alcohol sensor, Car black box, reducing the menace.

Authors: Advik Sharma

Abstract: The transformer, a key component in electrical power systems, is pivotal in stepping voltage up or down for efficient transmission and distribution. This paper provides a comprehensive study on the working principles of transformers, including electromagnetic induction, mutual inductance, and energy transfer between coils. It explores core types, winding configurations, and the physical laws that govern its operation. Emphasis is placed on transformer efficiency, losses, and practical implications in power systems. A detailed literature review supports the theoretical analysis. Methodologies include experimental setups and simulations. Future advancements in transformer technology for energy sustainability are discussed.

Keywords: Transformer, Electromagnetic Induction, Mutual Inductance, Power Transmission, Efficiency, Electrical Engineering

Authors: Kanchan Wagh, Mayuri Dawande, Neha Ambulkar

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the concept of Pulse Amplitude Modulation using MATLAB Software which is the language of technical computing. It presents the MATLAB programming with emphasis on the simulink model for PAM modulation technique. The PAM waveform obtained in accordance with the variations of the continuous varying information signal along with the carrier signal is also studied. It also describes the different types of PAM signals and their applications in various systems.

Authors: S. K. Ahmeduddin Zakir, Ahmed, Anwar, Faiyaz

Abstract: This paper is on IoT Approach for Motion Detection and Controlling Home Appliances without Cloud Server. It covers monitoring the premises and controlling of home appliances from outside. Here we are avoiding the use of external cloud server for which we have to pay some amount monthly to get space there. Now-a-days cost is an important factor. So to implement this, we are using Raspberry Pi, a credit card sized computer that has the capability to act as a server in home side and motion is detected using PIR sensor and Webcam is going to capture the pictures and finally these pictures will be send to e-mail as attachment with alert message. A python script, then directs the Pi to send email notifications every time motion is detected. Apart from monitoring we have focused on controlling on appliances at the premises. User will have automatic settings like lights On/Off condition, fan On/Off and other appliances can be controlled. Further, this service is good and one of the reliable ways to encapsulate home from internal and external danger. People in job or outside home can work freely and smartly having control to their home. They can just sit and login browser and see what is going on in their home in just a second and feel that their home is with them all time. Motion Detection and Home Automation is truly one of the needs in today's world. People rely and feel safe and warmth in their home with their family. Home Automation brings closer and safer to them on safety and then other facilities extended along with it. Services like lights On/Off condition, fan On/Off and other services are featured in this Home Automation.

Authors: John George Victor, Prof. M Sunil Prakash

Abstract: With the rapid advances in VLSI Technology, design of digital circuits with high speed, low power consumption, high throughput and optimized area is a great challenge for an integrated circuit designer. In Digital design adders are key components, where they perform various functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Multi-bit width adders are required in Very Large-Scale Integrated circuits (VLSI) for processing of microcontrollers, microprocessors, data processing, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and Digital signal processors. In this Paper various adder cells such as CCMOS, CPL, Hybrid Adder, GDI and proposed GDI full adder cells are analyzed and compared with respect to Delay, Power Dissipation, Power Delay Product and Area. The Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) technique has been used for generation of digital logic functions. This technique is compared with other full adder techniques which allow less power consumption and reduced propagation delay with minimum number of transistors. The speed of the circuit is limited by size of the transistors, parasitic capacitance and delay. An important parameter that evaluates circuit performance is Power Delay Product (PDP) which depends on power consumption and speed. Simulations are performed by Mentor graphics 130nm CMOS technology ELDO simulator. Performance is compared by varying power supply voltages. The analysis has been done on the basis of propagation delay, power consumption and power delay product. Reduction in power-delay product is achieved by the proposed GDI technique.

Author: S G Bagul

Abstract: The idea of the Speaker Recognition Project is to implement a recognizer which can identify a person by processing his/her voice. The basic goal of the project is to recognize and classify the speeches of different persons. This classification is mainly based on extracting several key features like Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) from the speech signals of those persons by using the process of feature extraction method. The above features may consist of pitch, amplitude, frequency etc. Using a statistical model like Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and features extracted from those speech signals we build a unique identity for each person who enrolled for speaker recognition. Estimation and Maximization algorithm is used, An elegant and powerful method for finding the maximum likelihood solution for a model with latent variables, to test the later speakers against the database of all speakers who enrolled in the database .Use of Fractional Fourier Transform for feature extraction is also suggested to improve the speaker recognition efficiency.

Authors: Dr. Ananya Mishra, Mr. Rohan Verma

Abstract: The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) with smart sensors has revolutionized electrical and electronic applications, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and intelligent decision-making. This paper explores the design, functionality, and applications of IoT-enabled smart sensors across power systems, smart grids, industrial automation, and consumer electronics. It highlights the challenges of interoperability, data security, and scalability while also presenting opportunities for sustainable and energy-efficient technologies. Through analytical discussion and comparative evaluation, this study establishes IoT-enabled smart sensors as pivotal to the advancement of next-generation electrical and electronic engineering systems.

Keywords: IoT, Smart Sensors, Electrical Applications, Electronics, Automation, Energy Efficiency, Predictive Maintenance

Authors: Dr. Rakesh Sharma ,Dr. Neha Mehta

Abstract: The integration of power electronics in renewable energy systems plays a crucial role in improving efficiency, stability, and scalability. As global energy demands grow and the push for decarbonization intensifies, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are increasingly being deployed. Power electronic devices serve as the backbone for controlling, converting, and managing the variable nature of these energy sources, ensuring their reliability for grid and standalone applications. This paper explores the design, role, and challenges of power electronics in renewable energy systems, covering control strategies, grid integration, and future trends. The study also highlights real-world applications and proposes future research directions to enable sustainable energy transitions.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Renewable Energy, Grid Integration, Converters, Inverters, Energy Storage

Authors: Dr. Ramesh Kumar, Ms. Shalini Verma

Abstract: The rapid transition toward sustainable transportation has positioned Electric Vehicles (EVs) as the cornerstone of modern mobility. This paper examines the recent advancements in EV powertrain systems and charging infrastructure, highlighting innovations in battery technologies, power electronics integration, and high-efficiency drivetrains. Furthermore, it discusses the development of fast charging networks, wireless charging methods, and smart-grid integration for enabling mass EV adoption. The study evaluates global trends, industry practices, and technical challenges, while also exploring future prospects such as bidirectional Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems. These advancements are critical for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, achieving energy efficiency, and promoting clean mobility worldwide.

Keywords: Electric Vehicles, Powertrain, Charging Infrastructure, Fast Charging, Vehicle-to-Grid, Battery Technology, Power Electronics.

Authors: Dr. Saurabh Tiwari

Abstract: Inverters are fundamental components in modern electrical and electronic systems, serving as the bridge between direct current (DC) sources and alternating current (AC) loads. Their role has grown significantly with the proliferation of renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and portable power applications. This paper explores the complete design and operational principles of inverters, including their classifications, switching strategies, waveform synthesis, and practical applications. Attention is given to single-phase and three-phase inverter configurations, modulation techniques such as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), and the latest developments in inverter topologies like multilevel and hybrid inverters. The design considerations focus on efficiency, heat dissipation, harmonic distortion, and control complexity. Moreover, the paper highlights recent innovations in inverter control systems utilizing digital signal processors (DSPs) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for precise control and enhanced functionality. This in-depth study aims to provide students, researchers, and engineers with a comprehensive understanding of inverter systems that are critical to modern power electronics and energy systems.

Keywords: Inverter, PWM, Power Electronics, DC-AC Conversion, Multilevel Inverter, Harmonics, DSP, SPWM

Authors: Advik Sharma

Abstract: The transformer, a key component in electrical power systems, is pivotal in stepping voltage up or down for efficient transmission and distribution. This paper provides a comprehensive study on the working principles of transformers, including electromagnetic induction, mutual inductance, and energy transfer between coils. It explores core types, winding configurations, and the physical laws that govern its operation. Emphasis is placed on transformer efficiency, losses, and practical implications in power systems. A detailed literature review supports the theoretical analysis. Methodologies include experimental setups and simulations. Future advancements in transformer technology for energy sustainability are discussed.

Keywords: Transformer, Electromagnetic Induction, Mutual Inductance, Power Transmission, Efficiency, Electrical Engineering

Authors: Aniket Raj, Riya Sharma

Abstract: The increasing demand for automation in electromechanical systems has paved the way for the integration of microcontroller-based control mechanisms such as Arduino in controlling DC motors. Speed regulation is critical in many applications including robotics, electric vehicles, and conveyor systems. This paper presents a detailed study on the speed control of DC motors using Arduino, focusing on the integration of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), motor driver circuits, and feedback sensors. The research aims to provide a reliable, cost-effective, and easy-to implement method of controlling motor speed with precision.

Keywords: Arduino, DC Motor, Speed Control, PWM, Motor Driver, Microcontroller, Feedback System

Authors: Sakshi Verma

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive analysis and implementation of a Temperature Monitoring System using the LM35 temperature sensor interfaced with an Arduino microcontroller. With the growing need for real-time temperature monitoring in various sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, industrial automation, and environmental control, it becomes imperative to design efficient and reliable temperature sensing systems. The LM35 sensor provides accurate analog temperature readings which can be processed by the Arduino for monitoring, display, and control applications. The proposed system is not only cost-effective but also energy-efficient and easily scalable for different types of applications. Through this paper, the entire process of circuit design, interfacing, and coding logic is discussed in detail, emphasizing practical insights and real-time application performance. Furthermore, the introduction highlights the importance of temperature monitoring in current technological trends and the advantages of using Arduino for embedded system applications.

Keywords: Temperature Sensor, LM35, Arduino, Monitoring System, Embedded Systems, Real-time Measurement

Authors: Dr. Anjali Bansal, Rohit Mehra

Abstract: In a world increasingly focused on energy conservation and intelligent automation, temperature-based fan controllers provide a cost-effective and efficient solution to managing indoor climates. This paper presents the design and implementation of a smart fan controller that adjusts its speed based on the ambient room temperature using sensors and microcontrollers. The proposed system utilizes an LM35 temperature sensor interfaced with an Arduino microcontroller, which interprets analog temperature readings and modulates the fan speed accordingly using a PWM signal. The design is simple yet effective in optimizing energy consumption while enhancing user comfort. The system reduces manual intervention, prevents overheating, and contributes to smart home automation. With increasing temperatures and energy demand globally, this system is highly relevant to modern living conditions. This paper also discusses the theoretical background, hardware requirements, circuit design, software algorithm, experimental results, and potential future enhancements of the system.

Keywords: Smart Fan, Temperature Control, Energy Efficiency, Arduino, PWM, LM35 Sensor, Home Automation

Authors: R. S. Kadam , Mr. S. S. Hirve

Abstract: A microgrid comprises of multiple distributed generators (DGs) and typically operates in parallel with this main grid. In certain cases this operation might fail and a microgrid may operate in an islanded mode. Synchronization occurs when such an islanded microgrid changes its operational mode back to grid connected operation by reconnection to the grid. Synchronizer used for synchronization of a single machine but a large microgrid which operates with multiple DGs and loads traditional synchronizer cannot be used to control it. This problem needs to be handled properly as it requires DGs to be controlled in a co-ordinated way to achieve synchronization. This paper presents work done on an active synchronizing control scheme which follows the network-based coordinated control of multiple DGs. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink prove that the scheme is efficient enough to provide reliability in the reconnection of the microgrid.

Authors: Ritika Sen

Abstract: Logic gates are the fundamental building blocks of digital electronics. They form the backbone of digital circuits, enabling the execution of logical operations essential for computation and decision-making processes. This paper delves into the structure, functioning, and real world applications of basic logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR. Each logic gate is defined by its unique truth table and boolean representation. The paper examines how these gates are constructed using electronic components such as diodes and transistors and how they contribute to designing complex digital systems such as arithmetic logic units (ALUs), multiplexers, decoders, and memory units. Additionally, the significance of logic gates in microprocessor architecture, embedded systems, and control applications is highlighted. With the growing reliance on digital automation and computing systems, understanding the basic principles and practical use cases of logic gates is vital for aspiring engineers and professionals. This comprehensive study is intended to provide an in-depth exploration of logic gates and foster an appreciation for their wide-reaching implications in modern technology.

Keywords: Logic Gates, Digital Electronics, Boolean Algebra, Truth Table, Logic Circuits, Microprocessors, Logic Design

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the design and development of a Microcontroller (8051) based Soft switching ZVS DC-DC Resonant Buck Converter for Solar Battery Charger System. In this work, 17.5V DC voltage received from solar panel is stepped down to 15V and lead acid battery of 12V/45Ah is charged. Soft-switching (ZVS-zero voltage switching technique) of the Buck converter is implemented to improve the efficiency of the converter and it is observed that efficiency of the converter is between 55% to 88%. For load variation from 4W to 48W.KEIL Micro vision software is used as a compiler to generate required hex file for the Microcontroller.

KEYWORDS: Auxiliary resonant circuit, Microcontroller, Photovoltaic (PV), Soft-switching buck converter, Zero voltage switching (ZVS)