Recent Trends in Electrical Machines and Drives ISSN: 3139-2067 (Online)

ABSTRACT

Electric machines, including electric motors and generators, play a critical role in various industries and are essential components of modern technology. As the world transitions towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future, it is crucial to assess the environmental impact and sustainability of the manufacturing processes used to produce these machines. This paper aims to analyze the environmental implications of electric machine manufacturing processes, highlighting key areas where sustainability improvements can be made.

KEYWORDS: Electric Machines, Manufacturing Processes, Sustainability, Environmental Impact, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Energy Efficiency

Abstract

With the increasing integration of renewable energy sources and the growing demand for efficient power distribution systems, the presence of harmonics in electrical machines has become a significant concern. Harmonics can lead to a range of issues such as voltage distortion, increased losses, and reduced machine efficiency. This paper provides an overview of harmonic analysis and mitigation techniques for electrical machines in power distribution systems. It discusses the sources of harmonics, their effects on electrical machines, and various mitigation strategies to ensure the reliable and efficient operation of these machines.

Keywords: Harmonic analysis, Harmonic mitigation, Power distribution systems, Electrical machines, Non-linear loads, Passive filters, Active filters

The design of an automatic braking system for vehicles in hill stations is of great importance to ensure the safety of drivers and passengers. This paper proposes a system that uses a combination of ratchet and pawl, along with an infrared reverse motion sensor, to automatically apply the brakes when the vehicle is parked on a hill. The system offers several advantages, including improved safety, ease of use, and reduced wear and tear on the brakes. However, it also has some disadvantages, which are discussed in detail in this paper. Overall, the proposed automatic braking system offers a promising solution to the problem of hill station parking safety.

Keywords: — Automatic braking system, Hill station, Ratchet and pawl, Infrared reverse motion sensor, Safety.

Smart grids are expected to revolutionize the electricity grid infrastructure by making it more efficient, reliable, and sustainable. In this paper, we review the recent advancements in smart grid technologies and research. We first discuss smart grid policies, standards, and initiatives in various countries. We then present a conceptual model for smart grids, which consists of smart infrastructure, smart transmission, smart distribution, smart information subsystem, smart meters, smart monitoring, data management, smart communication subsystem, smart management subsystem, and smart protection subsystem. For each of these subsystems, we discuss the technologies that are being used and the ongoing research. Finally, we conclude by highlighting the challenges and opportunities in the field and provide future research directions.

Keywords: — Smart Grids, Smart Infrastructure, Smart Transmission, Smart Distribution, Smart Meters, Smart Monitoring, Data Management, Smart Communication, Smart Management, Smart Protection.

Abstract

Agriculture is a vital sector for food production and sustainability, but it often faces challenges due to labor shortages and high costs. Battery-driven motorized weeder machines can offer a solution to these challenges by reducing labor costs and increasing efficiency. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the existing literature on battery-driven motorized agriculture weeder machines. The paper discusses the history of weeding in agriculture and the challenges faced by farmers. The paper then explores the concept of battery-driven motorized weeder machines and their advantages over traditional weeding methods. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities facing the adoption of battery- driven motorized weeder machines in agriculture.

Keywords: — Agriculture, Weeder machine, Battery-driven, Motorized, Efficiency, Sustainability

Abstract

The aim of this review paper is to analyze the study, design and fabrication of various drive in local dishwasher machines. The paper discusses the advantages, disadvantages and applications of these machines. The literature review covers various studies and researches carried out in this area. The methodology section covers the design and fabrication of a semi-automatic dishwasher machine, with the CAD model and process flow provided. The working and result sections provide a detailed description of the machine's operation and performance. The conclusions summarize the findings and provide recommendations for further research.

Keywords: — dishwasher machine, local, drive, semi-automatic, CAD model, process flow.

Abstract

High-speed electrical machines have been increasingly used in various industries, including automotive, power generation, aerospace, and more. In this review paper, we provide an overview of the technologies, trends, and developments in high-speed electrical machines. We discuss the applications of high-speed electrical machines in more electric engines, flywheel energy storage systems, high-speed spindle applications, turbo molecular pumps, gas compressor applications, industrial air compressors and air blowers, and microturbines. Furthermore, we review the materials used in high-speed electrical machines, including electrical steels, copper alloys, and permanent magnets. We also conduct a literature review on the different types of high- speed electrical machines, including induction motors, permanent magnet machines, switched reluctance machines, and synchronous homopolar machines. Finally, we benchmark the performance of high-speed machines and provide concluding remarks. 

Keywords: —High-speed electrical machines, induction motors, permanent magnet machines, switched reluctance machines, synchronous homopolar machines, electrical steels, copper alloys, and permanent magnets.

Power electronics is a rapidly evolving field that is essential for a wide range of applications. The next generation of power electronics will need to meet the demands of high-performance electrical machine drives, while also being more efficient, reliable, and cost-effective.

This paper reviews the latest developments in next-generation power electronics, with a focus on their applications in high-performance electrical machine drives. The paper begins by discussing the challenges that need to be addressed in next-generation power electronics. It then reviews the following promising technologies: wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductor devices, multilevel converters, integrated power modules, and digital control. The paper concludes by discussing the future of power electronics for high- performance electrical machine drives.

Keywords:- Power electronics, Multilevel converters, Wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductor devices, Electrical machine drives, Digital control

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the rapid rise of electric vehicles (EVs) and the crucial role played by advancements in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and power electronics. The evolution of EVs is not only transforming the automotive industry but also impacting the energy sector. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of EV technology, highlights the challenges faced in battery life, charging times, and integration into smart grids, and presents innovative solutions to address these issues. We also discuss the potential benefits of widespread EV adoption for sustainability and energy optimization.

KEYWORDS: Electric Vehicles (EVs), Battery Technology, Charging Infrastructure, Power Electronics, Smart Grid, Energy Optimization.

Abstract

A multilevel structure with more than five layers has the potential to drastically diminish harmonic content. The number of levels increases the output voltage and power. Adding a voltage level necessitates the addition of a primary switching device to each phase.

The objective here is to create the seven-level H-Bridge inverter with the fewest switches possible. This circuit's output is delivered to the induction motor. Using this approach, we can adjust the speed of the induction motor while also reducing noise and vibration. This study focuses on increasing the efficiency of multilayer inverters and the quality of the output voltage waveform. With only seven switches, a new seven-level strategy is implemented. The MATLAB simulation has been completed, and the hardware has been constructed by using IGBTs for the seven switches of the seven-level inverter.

Keywords: - H-Bridge, IGBT, Multilevel inverter, Induction motor

Abstract

This study shows how to create power flow sharing in a power system utilising programmable AC sources that feed linear and nonlinear loads. SVPWM is a control technique used in a three-phase Voltage Source Converter (VSC) that serves as a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) to provide reactive power compensation. In addition to reactive power correction, a Voltage Source Converter utilised as a Static Synchronous Compensator provides effective damping for subsynchronous resonance, which improves the stability of renewable hybrid power systems [2]. The Voltage Source Converter with space vector control method is offered for correcting reactive power flow in order to rectify power factor, eliminate harmonics, and balance both linear and non-linear loads. Among the many PWM strategies, the space vector technique is recommended because it is simple to increase digital realisation and AC bus use. The suggested control technique is based on an approximation of the Voltage Source Converter's third-order nonlinear model, which compensates for uncertainty in three phase system parameters. The use of a Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation controller is recommended as a control approach for dependable power sharing between AC power sources in the grid and loads.

Keywords: - Voltage Source Converter (VSC), Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM), Static Compensator (STATCOM), AC power sources

Abstract

In this study, a novel control topology based on the BATS Echolocation Algorithm is utilised to enable successful integration of voltage source converters (VSCs) in weak grids. A linear power-damping and synchronising controller, consisting of two major sections, automatically synchronises a VSC to a grid by supplying damping and synchronising power components, and enables effective full power injection even under very weak grid circumstances. For frequency and angle regulation, the controller employs cascaded angle, frequency, and power loops. The controller simulates the dynamic behaviour of synchronous machines, making grid integration easier and providing a virtual inertia control framework for VSCs to dampen power and frequency oscillations. While the linear controller provides stable and smooth operation in many circumstances, it cannot guarantee system stability in weak grids when big unexpected shocks quickly shift system dynamics to the nonlinear zone. To overcome this complexity, the BATS Echolocation Algorithm-based controller was created to assist the linear controller and improve system performance in the face of large-signal nonlinear disturbances such as self-synchronization, disturbances in grid frequency and angle, high power injection in very weak grids, and fault-ride-through conditions.

Keywords: - Power Damping, DG; VSC; PV Arrays

Abstract

Electrical discharge machining, also known as spark erosion machining, is a type of machining that falls under the category of thermal machining. It is primarily used as a method for the production of a wide variety of constantly shifting geometries and is frequently carried out as a unit job or in small batches. The fundamental idea behind the Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) process is to create out of metals that have been altered by the abrupt halting of the electron beam [3] by the solid metal surfaces of the anode. This is the primary function of the procedure. The temperature approaches the boiling point in the section of the anode that is exposed to the direct electrical pulse. Even in the event of a medium-long pulse, the rate of temperature increase is still in the tens of millions of degrees per second range, which indicates that an explosive process is being dealt with. In this study, a combined optimization strategy is utilised to estimate the maximum metal removal rate (MRR), the lowest tool wear rate (TWR), the surface roughness (SR), and the overcut (OC) produced by electrical discharge machining (EDM). [5] Considered here are the critical input parameters voltage (V), pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time (Toff), and current (I). 

Keywords: Electro discharge machining (EDM), Process parametes, Performance parameters, Optimization, wire cut EDM.

Abstract

Traditional motor technology is used in small and big scale applications such as car industries, residential appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioning units. These traditional motors have low torque, costly maintenance, and low efficiency. The use of BLDCM improves numerous performance parameters such as better efficiency, higher torque, high power density, minimal maintenance, and lower noise when compared to traditional motors. The biggest disadvantage is the expensive cost. This study proposes a two leg inverter fed BLDCM drive with just four switches and two current sensors, as opposed to six switches and three current sensors in the case of a three leg inverter fed BLDCM drive. The use of fewer switches and current sensors results in reduced switching loss and lower costs. A two-leg inverter-fed BLDCM drive with two input DC sources is suggested in this study. In MATLAB / SIMULINK, the suggested PMBLDCM drive is modelled and its performance is simulated. This suggested technique is simple, cheap cost, and results in improved diving performance, such as decreased torque ripple, less voltage stress, low current THD, and quick dynamic performance of the PMBLDCM drive.

Keywords: - MATLAB / SIMULINK, BLDCM, PMBLDCM, Two Leg Inverter, DC sources

Abstract

The IOT-based control of a DC footing engine has been considered in this article. The web is the most widely used, quick, and easily accessible correspondence medium in the modern world. The suggested architecture allows anybody from anywhere in the world to control large mechanical equipment. The suggested framework is simple and extremely beneficial in terms of cost and effectiveness. The exchanging and speed of the DC engine may be limited in this framework by applying a self-created Android application. The PROTEUS replication confirmed the hypothetical assessments of the suggested framework's exposition.

 Keywords: IOT, android application, Internet, Traction motors.

Abstract

Monitoring of partial discharges is an effective strategy for the maintenance of motors and other types of electrical devices. This is helpful for performing analysis and troubleshooting on standard production equipment. Early on, corrective actions are able to be taken, which allows for the avoidance of unscheduled closures. There are many different ways in which partial discharges might manifest themselves, and there are also many different ways to spot them. In this article, both electrical and non-electrical processes are broken down and discussed.

Keywords: Partial Discharge, Detection Mechanism, Rogowski Coil

Abstract

With the fast rise in global energy consumption and significant technological breakthroughs, utilities are becoming increasingly interested in Distributed Generation (DG). For DG applications, synchronous and induction machines are commonly employed among many sources. A comprehensive performance study of induction and synchronous machines in Distributed Generation mode is carried out in this article. The consequences of the aforementioned sources are studied on DG by simulating a typical radial distribution feeder in the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP). Some fundamental technical characteristics such as voltage profile and electrical power losses are taken into account when comparing sources. The most desirable source was discovered to be dependent on the distribution network's characteristics, or the main technical elements that might limit DG uptake.

Keywords: - DG, ETAP, Power losses reduction, Induction machines, Voltage profile improvement.

Abstract

Forklift is a small industrial vehicle, having a power operated forked platform attached at the front that can be raised and lowered for insertion under a cargo to lift or move it. Forklifts serve the needs of various industries including warehouses and other large storage facilities. 

Forklifts are powered by electric battery or combustion engines. Some Forklifts allow the operators to sit while driving and operating the machine while others require the operator to stand. It is being extensively used throughout the industry for transporting materials and goods. 

Keywords: Lower Frame, Upper frame, Fork, Carriage Support rod, Axle Shaft, DC motor, Solar panel, Battery, Forward reverse switch.

Abstract

With the adoption of new sensor technologies and the expansion of IoT devices, the digitalization of produced goods has now become a phenomena. People who own massive, expensive machinery would like to maintain track of the important characteristics of their assets. As a result, medium voltage equipment, particularly switchgear diagnostics, has grown in value. With varied degrees of tolerance and operating efficiency, on-site studies and monitoring of circuit breaker drives, contacts, gas quality, gas density, and partial discharges might be accomplished. They are installed at substations to provide energy to cities via electrical networks such as overhead power lines and subterranean cables. Because of the high voltage and current flow, safety and efficiency are key problems with this equipment. As a result, numerous types of sensors are utilised in the system to monitor its operation. This article gives a comprehensive assessment of the Switchgear Study, its implementations, and the issues found.

Keywords: Medium Voltage Switchgears, Gas Insulated Switchgear, IoT, Safety methods, Operational Efficiency, System Performance.

Abstract

Industrial electrical drives now use three-phase induction devices as a norm. These machines are replacing dc drive systems for a variety of reasons, including cost, dependability, robustness, and maintenance-free operation. One of the most significant problems of such ac systems, control, has been overcome thanks to the development of power electronics and signal processing systems. The problem of variable speed control of induction machines is no longer a disadvantage thanks to recent field oriented vector control techniques. The use of a phase number other than three is motivated by the desire to improve system performance, particularly when power supply and semiconductor power ratings are limited. A unique technique for connecting two three-phase induction motors in parallel fed by two inverters, namely. VSI and CSI, and vector control is provided in this study.

Keywords: VSI, CSI, Multiphase induction motor, Field oriented control, Power electronics converter

Abstract

The vibrations and deformation of a test transformer core are measured using an experimental approach in this paper. Because the grid voltage contains some higher harmonics, the occurrence of a third harmonic is investigated in addition to a simply sinusoidal core magnetisation. The surface scan of the leg and the vibrations of the transformer core for points reveal higher deformation in the corners of the leg than in the centre. In the corners of the leg, the impact of the higher harmonic of the magnetisation on the core deformation is likewise more substantial. A sinusoidal magnetisation with a higher harmonic produces a more wavy and variable core deformation shape than a simply sinusoidal magnetization.

 Keywords: Vibrations, Electrical Devices, Electricity Grid, Transformer Cores, Deformation Shape

A micro grid is a localized group of electricity sources and loads that normally operate connected to and synchronous with the traditional wide area synchronous grid (macro grid), as the number of DC-generating renewable energy sources is higher as compared to AC-generating sources, lesser converter units are required. This increases the overall efficiency of DC microgrid. A DC micro grid system is using a power network that enables the introduction of a large amount of solar energy using distributed photovoltaic generation units. This research deals with the design and performance analysis of a DC microgram with battery-super capacitor energy storage system under variable super capacitor operating voltage. MATLAB 9.4 is using to implement the model and analysis.

Keywords: DC, Micro grid, Energy, Battery, Super capacitor

Abstract

The vibrations and deformation of a test transformer core are measured using an experimental approach in this paper. Because the grid voltage contains some higher harmonics, the occurrence of a third harmonic is investigated in addition to a simply sinusoidal core magnetisation. The surface scan of the leg and the vibrations of the transformer core for points reveal higher deformation in the corners of the leg than in the centre. In the corners of the leg, the impact of the higher harmonic of the magnetisation on the core deformation is likewise more substantial. A sinusoidal magnetisation with a higher harmonic produces a more wavy and variable core deformation shape than a simply sinusoidal magnetization.

Keywords: Vibrations, Electrical Devices, Electricity Grid, Transformer Cores, Deformation Shape

Abstract

Electrical Vehicle (EVs) has attracted much attention owing to their use of clean energy. Large progress in Lithium ion battery has propelled the development of EVs. However, the challenge is that growing number of EVs leads to huge demand in electric power, which will aggravate the power grid load. This leads to an exploration for alternative clean sources of energy to charge EVs. This project implements solar energy system to erect a charging for EV application. The charging station employs multi-port charging by providing a constant voltage DC bus. The charging controllers are operated based on the concept of power balance, and constant current/constant voltage charging. Performance of the charging Performance of the charging system is validated with simulation and experiment result.

Keywords: - Electric vehicle, charging station topology, Path inference, Renewable energy

ABSTRACT

The growing world energy demand and environmental concerns have accelerated the adoption of renewable energy sources like solar and wind. Solar and wind are intermittent by nature, hence hybrid systems using both energy sources are increasingly used to improve reliability. One of the effective strategies for integrating these multiple sources is through multi-port converters (MPC), which help manage the power flow between sources, energy storage, loads, and grid interface. In recent years, various multi-port DC-DC and DC-AC converter topologies have been developed to efficiently combine solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind generators into a single hybrid system. This paper reviews the state of the art in multi-port converters applied in solar–wind hybrid systems, discusses the classification of converter types, and explores control strategies, performance metrics, pros and cons of different topologies. Special attention is given to converter design challenges, energy management approaches, and future directions. The review also includes comparative tables and schematic illustrations for clarity. The objective is to offer a broad understanding for researchers new to this field and to highlight trends in practical hybrid energy power conversion.

KEYWORDS: - Multi-port converters; solar–wind hybrid systems; DC-DC converters; energy management; renewable energy integration; MPPT; bidirectional converters