Recent Trends in Electrical Machines and Drives ISSN: 3139-2067 (Online)

ABSTRACT

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources and advanced power electronics in modern electrical systems has emphasized the need for high-performance converters. Multi-objective optimization (MOO) provides a systematic approach to simultaneously improve efficiency, reduce cost, and enhance reliability in converter design. This paper reviews current methodologies for multi-objective optimization in power converters, including classical, heuristic, and evolutionary algorithms. Converter topologies, design constraints, and performance metrics are analyzed with respect to conflicting objectives. Case studies on DC–DC, DC–AC, and multi-port converters demonstrate the trade-offs involved in optimization. Emerging trends, including AI-assisted optimization and predictive reliability modeling, are highlighted. The paper concludes with insights into future research directions to achieve cost-effective, reliable, and energy-efficient power electronic systems.

KEYWORDS: Multi-objective optimization, power converters, efficiency, reliability, cost, evolutionary algorithms, renewable energy, DC–DC converters, DC–AC converters.

Abstract

This paper describes the application of Internet-of-Things (IoT) in managing the performance of electric vehicle battery. It is clear that an electric vehicle totally depends on the source of energy from a battery. In the Present scenario, Internal Combustion Engines [ICE] is overcome by Electric Vehicles [EV] due to advantages like reduction in carbon-di-oxide [CO2] emission, cost. Advancement in electric vehicles is extensively going on and one such concept is the Battery management system [BMS] in Battery Electric vehicle. In Battery Electric Vehicle, there are many types of batteries and from the literature survey; Lithium-Ion Battery can be concluded to be suitable as it is advantageous in weight, cost, energy density and many aspects. In Battery electric vehicle Battery plays an important role. The battery may be overcharged, or it may undergo faults. Hence a reliable management system is required to control the Electric vehicle [EV]. In this paper, two battery charge estimation models, namely, open-circuit voltage have been considered. IoT- Based Battery Management System for Calculation of Electrical parameters in an Electric Vehicle is thus verified by simulation results.

Keywords: - Arduino Uno, SIM868 GSM Shield, BMS, Lithium ions batteries.

ABSTRACT

The integration of offshore wind farms into modern power grids requires advanced power electronic converters to efficiently handle variable wind conditions, maximize energy extraction, and ensure grid stability. Multi-level converters (MLCs) have emerged as a promising solution for interfacing synchronous generators in offshore wind turbines, offering benefits such as reduced harmonic distortion, lower switching losses, and enhanced voltage quality. This paper presents a comprehensive review of multi-level converter topologies suitable for offshore wind applications, discusses control strategies, evaluates performance metrics, and highlights challenges and future trends. The study also emphasizes the importance of optimizing converter design to enhance reliability and efficiency in harsh offshore environments.

KEYWORDS: Multi-level converters, offshore wind farms, synchronous generators, power electronics, harmonic reduction, grid integration, energy conversion.

Abstract

Because it provides various benefits and is a reliable technology to convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, induction motors are becoming more widely employed in a variety of industrial and commercial applications. Controlling the speed of an induction motor is desirable in several applications. Because of the physics of the induction motor, varying the frequency of the AC voltage driving the motor is the preferred technique of adjusting its speed. In recent years, it has been possible to use a microprocessor integrated into an appliance to provide variable frequency AC power to control the speed of an induction motor.

The variable frequency power inverter based on a microcontroller is the subject of this research. The microprocessor sends a variable frequency pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to the gate drive, which controls the applied voltage and produces the needed PWM frequency with fewer harmonics at the power inverter's output.

The completely controlled bridge voltage source inverter was built using semiconductor power devices isolated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), and the PWM approach was used to supply the motor with AC voltage.

Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate the proposed driving system for three and single phase power inverters. Different SPWM were used to get the Matlab

Simulation Results for the proposed system. As a result, a stable variable frequency inverter with a large frequency range has been obtained, and a good agreement between the simulation and hardware of a microcontroller- based single phase inverter has been discovered.

Keywords: AC Voltage Driving, PWM Frequency, Microcontroller, Convert Electrical Energy

Abstract

The varieties of polymeric materials used in medium voltage cables, which are considered to be the foundation of the power system, are of importance to energy distribution firms. This study attempted to improve the electrical characteristics of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) after adding inorganic fillers such as Silica (SiO2) filler at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% concentration percentages. The samples' dielectric strength was evaluated under various heat settings (0, 25, and 100 C0) to imitate various types of environments. Thermal ageing is simulated for one week at various temperatures (70, 100, and 120 C0) to explore the influence of increased temperature stressors on the electric characteristics of XLPE in a thermal drying oven following the addition of Silica filler. Curve fitting is used to select the best relationship between dielectric strength rates for each temperature state and various Silica filler percentages. It was discovered that the maximum value of dielectric strength for XLPE may be produced with a 30% SiO2 filler [max. at 70 Co (30.07kV/mm)]. Polynomial regression using MATLAB code was used to determine the appropriate percentages of SiO2 filler and the greatest dielectric strength value. This regression technique is a kind of linear regression that includes higher order powers of an independent variable (2nd, 3rd, etc.) and defines a link between an explanatory variable and a response variable.

Keywords: (XLPE) Cables, dielectric strength, various temperatures, power system, Polyethylene.

The transmission of power with a high power factor and high power quality, supreme transient stability, economics, and a low risk of system failure are the primary concerns in the power grid system. The steady growth of electrical power demands and loads, especially non-linear loads, makes the power system network increasingly difficult to manage, and the system becomes unstable with massive power flows if effective control and operation are not implemented. The evolution of the power system has brought new obstacles, and due to the complex system network, it might be difficult to operate the system in a stable state at times. On the other hand, significant progress has been achieved in power electronics, which allows the power system to remain stable even when the worst-case scenario occurs due to a fault. FACTS technology is one of the innovations in power electronics. FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems) devices are based on power electronics and other dynamic controllers that adjust one or more AC transmission system parameters in order to improve controllability and power transfer capabilities. FACTS controllers, such as UPFC, are one way to improve power system control (Unified Power Flow Controller). At the same time, UPFC can manage voltage, impedance, and phase. In the power system block set, MATLAB/PSAT is used to simulate the UPFC control technique for grid-connected power systems. The effectiveness of UPFC is examined using an IEEE 9 bus power system network by applying a 3-phase fault to dissimilar buses and evaluating the performance of FACTS devices in an IEEE 9 bus power system during a fault situation.

Keywords: FACTS, Faults, UPFC.

This paper gives an overview of the implementation of a battery monitoring system on a hardware platform using appropriate sensing technology, central processor and interfacing devices. A complete wireless thermal monitoring system for electric vehicle battery charging is presented. It also includes real-time battery temperature monitoring during charging for an accurate state of charge. More importantly, aged batteries will be heated up rapidly during charging; the solution is not only to build the necessary infrastructure but also to be able to correctly estimate the remaining power using an efficient battery management system.

Keywords: - Battery monitoring system (BMS), State of charge (SOC), State of health (SOH).

Abstract

As the demand for electric vehicles are increasing, the energy usage from the battery needs to be efficient in order to achieve maximum distance on a single charge of battery. In this paper, the effective use of super capacitor in electric vehicles having a PWSM drive is analysed. The PWSM drive is speed regulated for motoring and braking action. The simulated results on state of charge (SOC) of the battery with and without the use of super capacitor are compared.

Keywords: Regenerative braking, Permanent magnet synchronous machine (PWSM) drive, Super capacitors, Electric vehicle (EV), State of charge (SOC)

A number of significant advancements have increased the appeal of very high- speed electrical machines (either motor or generator). The key drivers in a transition to higher speed include rising power electronics switching speed, high energy magnets, and high strength retaining materials, stronger high speed bearings, and advancements in design analysis. The mechanical design, both in terms of strength and resonant modes, and the electromagnetic design, notably in terms of iron losses and ac losses in various conducting elements, including the rotor, present design issues. This paper details the design work on a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machine with a speed of 50,000 rpm and a power of 50kW. It describes studies on rotor eddy current losses utilising a number of methodologies, including both 2D and 3D finite element analysis.

Keywords: High speed, PM motor, rotor and stator losses, finite- element analysis

ABSTRACT

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has highlighted the need for efficient, reliable, and compact power conversion solutions capable of handling high-voltage battery packs. Multi-level DC–DC converters have emerged as a promising approach for enhancing voltage conversion efficiency, reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI), and improving overall system reliability. This paper reviews recent developments in multi-level DC–DC converter topologies, design strategies, and control methodologies specifically tailored for high-voltage EV battery applications. Key aspects such as modular design, soft-switching techniques, and fault-tolerant architectures are discussed. Comparative analysis with traditional two-level converters demonstrates the advantages of multi-level approaches in terms of efficiency, voltage stress distribution, and scalability. Finally, challenges and future research directions for next-generation EV power electronics are highlighted.

KEYWORDS: DC–DC converter, multi-level topology, electric vehicle, high-voltage battery, power electronics, soft switching, modular converters.

Abstract

This paper gives an overview of the implementation of a battery monitoring system on a hardware platform using appropriate sensing technology, central processor and interfacing devices. A complete wireless thermal monitoring system for electric vehicle battery charging is presented. It also includes real time battery temperature monitoring during charging for an accurate state of charge. More importantly, aged batteries will be heated up rapidly during charging; the solution is not only to build the necessary infrastructure but also to be able to correctly estimate the remaining power using an efficient battery management system.

Keywords: - Battery monitoring system (BMS), State of charge (SOC), State of health (SOH).

Abstract

Solar electrical buggy is one of the models in which solar energy is used to generate renewable photovoltaic electric power, which is then used to drive an electric motor, resulting in less toxic gas emissions since it is pollution free. The buggy makes no noise and is environmentally friendly. The solar power is used to charge the batteries in this paper. Solar panels, motors, BLDC generator, charger, charge controller, power circuits, control circuits, and an inverter circuit are the key components of a solar electric buggy.

Keywords: Solar panels, BLDC motor, Electric Buggy, Batteries

Abstract

This paper describes the application of Internet-of-Things (IoT) in managing the performance of electric vehicle battery. It is clear that an electric vehicle totally depends on the source of energy from a battery. In the Present scenario, Internal Combustion Engines [ICE] is overcome by Electric Vehicles [EV] due to advantages like reduction in carbon-di-oxide [CO2] emission, cost. Advancement in electric vehicles is extensively going on and one such concept is the Battery management system [BMS] in Battery Electric vehicle. In Battery Electric Vehicle, there are many types of batteries and from the literature survey; Lithium-Ion Battery can be concluded to be suitable as it is advantageous in weight, cost, energy density and many aspects. In Battery electric vehicle Battery plays an important role. The battery may be overcharged, or it may undergo faults. Hence a reliable management system is required to control the Electric vehicle [EV]. In this paper, two battery charge estimation models, namely, open-circuit voltage have been considered. IoT-Based Battery Management System for Calculation of Electrical parameters in an Electric Vehicle is thus verified by simulation results.

Keywords: - Arduino Uno, SIM868 GSM Shield, BMS, Lithium ions batteries.

Abstract

In this paper, the speed of an induction motor was operated using the duty cycle of a TRIAC at a lower cost. The 1Φ and 3Φ induction motors have the same characteristics. Since the 1Φ supply is readily available, we are using 1 Φ induction motor, which is not self-starting. Here in this paper, by varying the duty cycle of the TRIAC, I.M is being controlled. Induction motor torque is proportional to the square of the voltage. The regulating parameter in this case is voltage. Raspberry Pi is a microcontroller development board that functions as a laptop replacement. Triac and gate pulses power the induction motor voltage at the stator terminals. By slightly delaying the gate pulses, we can reduce the voltage applied to the induction motor stator terminals. As torque decreases, the motor's speed decreases as well. Python is the programming language used. LINUX is also used.

Keywords: - Linux, Buck converter, Induction motor, Python, Raspberry Pi, , TRIAC

ABSTRACT

Industrial machines are the backbone of manufacturing, power plants, transport systems and process industries. Unexpected failure of machines leads to production losses, safety issues and high maintenance cost. Traditional maintenance approaches like breakdown maintenance and preventive maintenance are no longer sufficient for modern automated industries. Condition Monitoring (CM) and Predictive Maintenance (PdM) are emerging as intelligent solutions where machine health is continuously monitored using sensors, signal processing, and data analytics to predict faults before they occur. This paper presents a detailed review of various condition monitoring techniques used for electrical and mechanical machines such as vibration analysis, thermal monitoring, acoustic emission, oil analysis, and electrical signature analysis. The role of Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML) in predictive maintenance is also discussed. A comparison between different monitoring methods, sensors, and diagnostic tools is presented through tables. The paper also explains the benefits, challenges and future trends in this area. Condition monitoring not only increases machine reliability but also improves safety and reduces maintenance cost significantly.

KEYWORDS: Condition monitoring, predictive maintenance, vibration analysis, machine learning, fault diagnosis, IoT, electrical signature analysis.

ABSTRACT

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy integration has increased the need for advanced charging infrastructure that is reliable, flexible, and user-friendly. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has emerged as a promising solution for autonomous EV charging, especially when combined with renewable energy hubs such as solar and wind-based microgrids. Wireless power converters play a central role in enabling efficient energy transfer without physical connectors, improving safety, reducing maintenance, and supporting autonomous operation. This paper presents a comprehensive review of wireless power converter topologies, operating principles, control strategies, and system architectures for EV charging and renewable energy hubs. Both stationary and dynamic wireless charging methods are discussed, along with resonant converter designs and high-frequency power electronics used in WPT systems. Challenges related to efficiency, misalignment, electromagnetic compatibility, and grid integration are analyzed. Recent research trends and practical deployment issues are also highlighted. The study concludes that wireless power converters, when integrated with renewable energy hubs, can significantly enhance the sustainability and autonomy of future EV charging networks.

KEYWORDS: - Wireless power transfer, Electric vehicle charging, resonant converters, Autonomous charging, Renewable energy hubs, Power electronics

ABSTRACT

The electrification of transportation systems has significantly increased the demand for high-performance traction motors. Traditional permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) rely heavily on rare earth elements (REEs) such as neodymium and dysprosium, which pose challenges in terms of cost, environmental impact, and supply chain security. This paper provides a comprehensive review of rare earth free motor (REFM) designs, emphasizing their potential for sustainable traction applications. Various motor topologies including induction motors, switched reluctance motors, ferrite-based permanent magnet motors, and hybrid configurations are discussed. Key performance parameters such as efficiency, torque density, thermal management, and manufacturability are analyzed. The paper also highlights emerging material innovations, design optimization techniques, and control strategies that enhance the performance of RE-free motors. Finally, the environmental and economic implications of adopting RE-free motors in electric vehicles are explored.

KEYWORDS: Rare earth free motors, sustainable traction, switched reluctance motor, induction motor, ferrite magnets, electric vehicles, motor design.

ABSTRACT

Electrical drives are widely used in industries, electric vehicles, robotics, and renewable energy systems. Conventional control methods like PI, PID, vector control and direct torque control are effective but often struggle under parameter variations, nonlinearities, and fault conditions. With the rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), new intelligent approaches are emerging for drive control and fault diagnostics. These methods can learn from data, adapt to system changes, and predict faults before failure occurs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of AI and ML techniques applied in motor drive control and fault detection. Techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithms, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Deep Learning are discussed in context of speed control, torque control, parameter estimation, and predictive maintenance. The advantages, limitations, and implementation challenges are also presented. Tables and illustrative figures are included for better understanding. The study shows that AI-based drive systems offer improved performance, reliability, and intelligent monitoring compared to conventional techniques.

KEYWORDS: - Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Motor Drives, Fault Diagnostics, Neural Networks, Predictive Maintenance, Intelligent Control.

ABSTRACT

Torque ripple in electric machines significantly affects performance, vibration, acoustic noise, and lifespan, especially in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) and induction motors. This paper reviews advanced inverter topologies designed to minimize torque ripple, including multilevel inverters, matrix converters, and predictive control-based inverters. Comparative analyses of these topologies with conventional voltage source inverters (VSIs) are presented, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and application scenarios. Simulation results and experimental studies demonstrate the effectiveness of advanced inverter strategies in achieving smoother torque profiles, higher efficiency, and reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI). The review also discusses future trends, including artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted inverter control for adaptive torque ripple mitigation.

KEYWORDS: Torque Ripple, Multilevel Inverter, Matrix Converter, Predictive Control, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), Electric Drives, EMI Reduction

ABSTRACT

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has necessitated the development of compact, efficient, and reliable powertrain systems. Integrated motor-drive converters (IMDCs) represent a promising solution for enhancing power density, reducing system complexity, and improving energy efficiency in EVs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of IMDC technologies, design considerations, and their role in compact EV powertrains. We discuss the principles of integration, converter topologies, control strategies, thermal management, and recent advances in semiconductor devices. Comparative studies with traditional separate motor and inverter systems highlight the advantages and challenges of IMDCs. The review concludes with future research directions, including high-frequency operation, wide-bandgap semiconductor adoption, and multi-functional integration for next-generation EVs.

KEYWORDS: Electric vehicle, integrated motor-drive converter, Powertrain, Silicon carbide, Wide-bandgap devices, Energy efficiency, Thermal management

ABSTRACT

Maritime electrification has become an essential focus within global efforts to reduce greenhouse emissions and improve energy efficiency in shipping. A central component of electric propulsion systems is the power converter, which bridges energy sources such as batteries or hybrid generators to propulsion motors. Traditional propulsion converters process the entire power and often suffer from high losses, limited reliability and scalability. To address these limitations, high-efficiency modular converters are increasingly investigated and developed. This review discusses the architectures, technologies, benefits and challenges of modular converters tailored for maritime electric propulsion systems. Methods to achieve high efficiency such as partial power processing, modular multilevel topologies, and the use of wide-bandgap semiconductors are examined. The paper also reviews recent experimental results and commercial system trends. Modular solutions improve reliability, scalability, and maintainability — critical for the demanding operating environment of marine vessels. Finally, future research directions and technological gaps are outlined. 

KEYWORDS:- Maritime electric propulsion; high-efficiency converters; modular converters; partial power processing; power electronics; reliability; wide-bandgap semiconductors.

ABSTRACT

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into microgrids has driven the need for advanced power conversion systems capable of ensuring efficiency, stability, and bidirectional energy flow. Smart converters, equipped with digital control strategies and communication capabilities, have emerged as a key enabler for microgrid-connected renewable energy drives. These converters not only facilitate optimal energy management but also ensure power quality, voltage regulation, and fault tolerance under dynamic operating conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive review of smart converters for renewable energy drives in microgrid applications. Various converter topologies, control strategies, and optimization techniques are discussed, emphasizing their role in enhancing system performance. Challenges, recent advancements, and future research directions in smart power electronics for microgrid integration are also highlighted.

KEYWORDS: Microgrid, smart converters, renewable energy, digital control, power electronics, energy management, grid-tied drives.

ABSTRACT

The demand for high-efficiency electric vehicle (EV) drives has led to significant research into wide-bandgap semiconductor technologies, particularly silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). These semiconductors enable power electronic inverters to operate at higher switching frequencies, with reduced losses and improved thermal performance, compared to conventional silicon devices. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in SiC and GaN-based inverter technologies for EV applications. Key aspects covered include device characteristics, inverter topologies, thermal management, system-level efficiency, and reliability. Comparative analysis of SiC and GaN in terms of switching speed, conduction losses, cost, and suitability for different EV drive configurations is also presented. The review highlights challenges, emerging trends, and future research directions for wide-bandgap inverters in high-performance EVs.

KEYWORDS: SiC inverters, GaN inverters, electric vehicles, wide-bandgap semiconductors, high-efficiency drives, thermal management, EV power electronics.

ABSTRACT

Renewable energy systems, such as wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) systems, and hydroelectric drives, rely heavily on power electronic converters to interface variable energy sources with the grid or load. One major challenge in these converters is switching losses, which reduce efficiency, generate heat, and limit device lifespan. Soft-switching techniques, including zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS), offer effective methods to minimize these losses. This paper reviews the principles of soft-switching, its implementation in various converter topologies, and applications in renewable drives. Comparative analyses highlight the advantages and limitations of soft-switching over conventional hard-switching techniques. The review concludes with future research directions to enhance efficiency and reliability in renewable energy applications.

KEYWORDS: Soft-switching, Zero-voltage switching (ZVS), Zero-current switching (ZCS), Renewable drives, Power converters, Switching losses, Efficiency optimization

ABSTRACT

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) like wind and solar, ensuring the reliable and stable operation of power converters has become a critical challenge. Fluctuating generation from RES introduces voltage variations, frequency deviations, and intermittent power supply, which affect grid stability and energy quality. This paper reviews reliability-oriented converter topologies suitable for fluctuating renewable sources, including multi-level converters, modular multi-port converters, and fault-tolerant designs. The paper discusses their operational principles, reliability metrics, fault-handling mechanisms, and performance under variable conditions. Comparative analysis and future research directions are presented to guide the design of robust and reliable power conversion systems for modern renewable grids.

KEYWORDS: Renewable energy, power converters, reliability, multi-level converters, fault-tolerant, fluctuating sources, grid integration