Recent Trends in Electrical Machines and Drives ISSN: 3139-2067 (Online)

ABSTRACT

The demand for high-efficiency and high-performance electrical machines has motivated the integration of advanced design and manufacturing techniques. Topology optimization enables the systematic design of machine cores and magnetic structures to minimize losses, reduce weight, and improve flux distribution. Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly 3D printing, allows realization of complex geometries that were previously unachievable through conventional manufacturing methods. This paper presents a comprehensive review of topology optimization and additive manufacturing applications in electrical machines, focusing on high-efficiency motors and generators. Various case studies, including optimization of stator and rotor structures and the realization of intricate cooling channels, are discussed. Comparative tables and 2D illustrations are provided to highlight performance improvements, demonstrating the potential of these technologies to revolutionize machine design.

KEYWORDS: - Topology optimization, Additive manufacturing, High-efficiency machines, Electrical machine design, 3D printing, Motor cores

ABSTRACT

Industrial automation increasingly relies on smart motor systems (SMS) that integrate Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities with real-time analytics to improve efficiency, reliability, and predictive maintenance. This paper presents an overview of IoT-enabled smart motors, data acquisition, edge analytics, and cloud-based monitoring architectures. The integration of sensors, communication networks, and machine learning algorithms allows for condition monitoring, energy optimization, and predictive maintenance in industrial environments. Tables and 2D figures are included to illustrate system architecture, performance metrics, and data flow. Challenges, such as cybersecurity and interoperability, as well as emerging trends in predictive analytics and AI-driven motor control, are also discussed.

KEYWORDS: - Smart motors, IoT, Industrial automation, Predictive analytics, Condition monitoring, Energy efficiency

Abstract

Multilevel inverters outperform typical two-level inverters due to lower harmonic distortion, less electromagnetic interference, lower common mode voltage, and greater dc link voltages. However, the primary disadvantages of multilayer inverters include sophisticated pulse width modulation management, capacitor voltage balancing, and an increased number of switches. The purpose of this work is to investigate and simulate a single phase seven level inverter design utilising just 10 switches. In addition, two distinct control strategies for a seven-level-ten switch inverter architecture are presented in this study. The R- load is connected to the inverter, and simulation is carried out using the MATLAB/Simulink software.

Keywords: - Power electronics, Multilevel Inverter, SPWM Techniques

Abstract

This paper presents a brief review on different multilevel inverter topologies. Inverter is a power electronic device that converts DC power into AC power at desired output voltage and frequency. Multilevel Converters nowadays have become an interesting area in the field of industrial applications. Conventional power electronic converters are able to produce an output voltage that switches between two voltage levels only. Multilevel Inverter generates a desired output voltage from several DC voltage levels at its input. The input side voltage levels are usually obtained from renewable energy sources, capacitor voltage sources, fuel cells etc. The different multilevel inverter topologies are: Cascaded H-bridges converter, Diode clamped inverter, flying capacitor multilevel inverter, and Modular Multilevel Inverter (MMI).The disadvantages of MLI are the need for isolated power supplies, design complexity and switching control circuits 

Keywords: - Multi-Level Inverter topologies, MLI, THD

Abstract

In this paper various topologies of bidirectional dc-dc converter are analyzed. Bidirectional dc-dc converters (BDC) have recently received a lot of attention due to the increasing need to systems with the capability of bidirectional energy transfer between two dc buses. Apart from traditional application in dc motor drives, new applications of BDC include energy storage in renewable energy systems, fuel cell energy systems, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). The circuit configuration for various topologies of dc-dc converter is analyzed. Two topologies employs the coupled inductor to the same windings turns in the primary and secondary sides. In step-up mode, the primary and secondary windings of the coupled inductor are operated in parallel charge and series discharge to achieve high step-up voltage gain. In step-down mode, the primary and secondary windings of the coupled inductor are operated in series charge and parallel discharge to achieve high step-down voltage gain. One topology employs an inductor to achieve the bidirectional conversion. Thus, the converters has higher step-up and step- down voltage gains and under same electric specifications, the average value of the switch current for all the topologies is compared and analyzed. Simulation can be done for 14/42-V circuit and 24/400-V circuit are discussed using PSIM software for the various topologies and to compare their results.

Keywords: Bidirectional dc-dc converters, coupled inductor.

Abstract

There has been an increasing concern about the growing vulnerability of future computing systems resulting errors in the underlying hardware. Providing reliability unlike conventional fault tolerant techniques, without additional resources is a critical challenge in deeply scaled CMOS and post CMOS era. Hence designing a reliable system with low overheads is very important. To tackle this challenge, we take the benefit of different intrinsic resilience of application domains such as multimedia, recognition, mining, search and analytics which produces acceptable outputs despite occasional approximate computations. In this paper as a new approach of performing approximate error checking at greatly reduced overhead is proposed. Stochastic Checkers are designed by using stochastic computing (SC). This checker has main benefit of using compact arithmetic elements. Additionally it is innately fault tolerant because of its distinctive encoding of numerical values. Hence by using necessary Binary to Stochastic (BTS) converter and Stochastic to Binary (STB) converter error checkers are designed. Further Triple Modular Redundancy[TMR] is proposed to depict the advantage of Stochastic Checker (StoCK), further both the proposed designs are explored and Simulation are carried out for both FIR filter and a equation, applications using Xilinx Vivado design suite, as compared with traditional fault tolerant technique while maintaining high fault coverage.

Keywords— Approximate error detection, Binary to Stochastic (BTS), Fault Detection, Stochastic Computing (SC), Stochastic to Binary (STB), Triple Modular Redundancy [TMR].

As to certain the increases the farm income that predominantly relies on human resources by mechanizing Welsh onion harvesting a tractor mounted onion harvester was developed in this study. An experiment for evaluating harvesting performance was performed for the developed onion harvester in an actual onion farm. the harvest performance was evaluated at the tractor running speed of 5.0 cm\s, 11.4 cm/s and 15.8 cm/s, by comparing the operating efficiency ,harvest rate, and damage rate of the welsh onion harvester. The performance of the harvester was rated as very good, with a 100% harvest rate, regardless of tractor running speed.

The developed onion harvester is believed to improve the labour productivity and cultivation environment of onion farmhouse by the mechanization of the harvesting process that is currently associated with the largest amount of labour hours. The present research work has been carried out to bring out the reliable solution for harvesting of onion crop. The harvesting of onion crop is the labour intensive operation.

Keywords: - Digging system; cleaning conveying; Collecting and unloading; Transmission system

A desirable characteristic for display memory compression is support for the raster-scan processing order and the fixed target compression ratio. Set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) is an efficient two-dimensional compression algorithm that guarantees a fixed target compression ratio, but its one-dimensional (1D) variation has received little attention, even though its 1D nature supports the raster-scan processing order. This paper proposes a novel hardware design for 1D SPIHT. The algorithm is modified to exploit parallelism for effective hardware implementation. For the encoder, dependences that prohibit parallel execution are resolved and a pipelined schedule is proposed. For the parallel execution of the decoder, the algorithm is modified to enable estimation of the bitstream length of each pass prior to decoding. This modification allows parallel and pipelined decoding operations, leading to a high-throughput design for both encoder and decoder. However, in an actual system, several modules, including the video codec and the external memory, are connected via a system bus. In this environment, the gain in compression and the gain in transfer are very different. For a practical FMC design, not only the compression rate but also the transfer efficiency should be carefully considered. In this paper, a bus-aware interface

design for one dimensional (1D) lossless FMC is proposed to reduce the amount of bus transfers. The proposed bit stream merging and tailed burst length schemes increase the transfer gain such that it is close to the gain in compression. The proposed 1D lossless FMC schemes are implemented in Verilog language and verified in an environment containing a high efficiency video coding (HEVC) encoder and a system bus.

Keywords: Set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT), one dimensional (1D, high efficiency video coding (HEVC)

Abstract

This paper exhibits a secluded fell H-bridge multilevel photovoltaic (PV) inverter for single or three stage lattice associated applications. The measured fell multilevel topology enhances the effectiveness and adaptability of PV frameworks. To acknowledge better usage of PV modules and expand the sun based vitality extraction, a dispersed greatest forced point control plan connected to both single-and three-stage multilevel inverters, which permits autonomous control of every dc-join voltage. For three-stage network associated applications, PV criss crosses may present unequal supplied power, prompting lopsided framework current. To fathom this issue, a control plan with balance remuneration is proposed. Here fuzzy logic is used for controlling and compared with other controller the simpered systems tool has proved that the combined system will at the same time inject maximum power.A trial three stage seven level fell H-bridge inverter has been assembled using nine H-span modules (three modules for every stage). Every H-span module is associated with a 185-W sunlight based board. Reproduction and exploratory results are introduced to confirm the plausibility of the proposed approach.

Keywords: Cascaded multilevel inverter, distributed maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT), modular, modulation compensation, photovoltaic (PV).

The major activity that takes place around world is automation and security. The automation or remote control has become fundamental to our lives .The project presented here is a novel approach towards automation and security. In this project, we present the design and implementation of a GSM based wireless home/office/other area security system. And this system helps for people with physical disabilities. Here the system automatically controls (open or close) the door as soon it receives predefined message from the user. The system mainly consisting of microcontroller, GSM and gear motor for controlling the door. The door is controlled only by the authorized persons through sending control SMS to the GSM module. If unauthorized person wants to access the door then, he has to press call button which is kept beside the door then, automatic voice call going to authorized person, thus user can communicate with the unauthorised person lively. If he wants to open the door he can send door open SMS to the device, then door will starts opening and after some time authorized person can close the door remotely by sending another SMS. The door is controlled via H-bridge circuit. If intruder tries to enter the door forcefully, then door sensor is activated it gives signal to microcontroller and alert message is goes to authorized person.

Keywords: GSM, PIC microcontroller, H-bridge, Gear motor, PIR, Door sensor logic, LCD

ABSTRACT

The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic and wind power into electrical grids has introduced new challenges related to power quality, stability, and controllability. Power electronic converters act as the key interface between renewable sources and the grid, and their topology significantly influences system performance. This paper presents a comprehensive study of next-generation converter topologies developed for renewable grid linkage. Advanced multilevel, impedance-source, and modular converter structures are discussed with respect to efficiency, scalability, fault tolerance, and grid code compliance. Comparative analysis highlights the advantages of emerging topologies over conventional two-level converters. The paper also addresses design challenges and future research directions toward resilient and grid-supportive renewable energy systems.

KEYWORDS: - Renewable energy integration, Power electronic converters, Multilevel inverters, Grid-connected converters, Power quality, Converter topology

ABSTRACT

The increasing demand for compact, high-efficiency, and high-power-density electric machines in electric vehicles (EVs), aerospace, and renewable energy applications has driven research into multiphase and axial flux machine topologies. Multiphase machines enhance fault tolerance and reduce torque ripple, while axial flux machines offer a higher torque-to-weight ratio and lower iron losses compared to conventional radial flux machines. This paper presents an in-depth review of multiphase and axial flux machine topologies, including design principles, performance characteristics, thermal management, and challenges. Comparative analysis, including 2D figures and tables, demonstrates how these topologies achieve elevated power density. Emerging trends and future research directions are discussed, emphasizing their relevance in next-generation high-performance applications.

KEYWORDS: - Multiphase machines, Axial flux machines, Power density, Electric vehicles, Torque density, High-efficiency motors

ABSTRACT

The growing demand for compact and high-performance electric machines, particularly in electric vehicles (EVs) and aerospace applications, has stimulated research into multiphase and axial flux topologies. These machines offer elevated power density, enhanced fault tolerance, and reduced torque ripple compared to conventional three-phase radial flux machines. This paper reviews the latest advancements in multiphase and axial flux machine topologies, focusing on design principles, performance characteristics, and trade-offs. Comparative analysis using 2D illustrations and tabulated performance metrics demonstrates how these machines achieve higher torque density and efficiency. Challenges related to manufacturing, cooling, and control strategies are also discussed, along with emerging trends for next-generation high-power-density applications.

 KEYWORDS: - Multiphase machines, Axial flux motors, Power density, Electric vehicles, Torque density, High-performance electric machines

ABSTRACT

Emerging computational paradigms such as quantum‑inspired optimization (QIO) and physics‑informed machine learning (PIML) offer novel solutions to complex design challenges in electrical drives. These approaches merge physics knowledge with advanced computational search and inference techniques to achieve optimal performance under multi‑objective constraints. This paper investigates the theoretical foundations of QIO and PIML and their application to drive design problems, including torque ripple minimization, energy efficiency, and fault tolerance. Numerical results and design frameworks demonstrate how physics‑guided learning improves generalization while reducing reliance on large training datasets. Original studies and comparative data are used to illustrate efficacy.

KEYWORDS: Quantum‑inspired optimization, physics‑informed machine learning, drive design, electrical machines, hybrid modeling.

ABSTRACT

Machine condition monitoring and predictive maintenance have evolved from scheduled inspections to data-driven strategies that leverage machine learning (ML) to anticipate faults, reduce downtime, and optimize maintenance costs. This paper surveys the role of machine learning in condition monitoring and predictive maintenance with focus on algorithms, feature extraction, data sources, implementation challenges, and performance evaluation. Real-world case studies are complemented with simulation examples, comparative tables, and figures illustrating workflows and model performance.

KEYWORDS: Machine learning, condition monitoring, predictive maintenance, anomaly detection, time-series features, classification, regression.

This paper presents a control strategy for voltage balancing of the capacitors of different sub-modules in single phase five-level modular multilevel cascaded inverter based on carrier phase-shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation. Since the modules consist of capacitors, whose voltages can vary significantly throughout the operation of the converter, the need for a balancing algorithm is derived. Through the specific algorithm it is being ensured that all the capacitors are kept on the same voltage level and all the power devices are equally stressed. Thus the combination of averaging and balancing control enables the modular multilevel converter to achieve the voltage balancing of the sub-module capacitors. The simulation has been carried out using MATLAB/Simulink and the effectiveness of the voltage-balancing control is confirmed based on simulation results.

Keywords: Modular Multilevel Cascaded Inverter (MMCI), Double star chopper cells (DSCC), Carrier phase-shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation (CPS- SPWM), Total harmonic distortion (THD), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

Power electronics devices are widely used in different fields and for different residential applications. The expansion of their field of applications is related to the knowledge of the device behavior and their practical performances. The renewable energy sources such as PV modules, fuel cells or energy storage devices such as super capacitors or batteries deliver output voltage at the range of around 15 to 40 VDC. A boost converter is used to clamp the voltage stresses of all the switches in the interleaved converters caused by the leakage inductances present in the practical coupled inductors to a low voltage level. This paper presents a dc-dc power converter integrated closed loop system to attain high stability factor in such a way to obtain in a single conversion stage. The maximum energy extraction from photovoltaic panels, battery charging and discharging dynamic control, and high voltage step-up also is operating with soft-switching capability. This review is mainly focused on high efficiency step-up DC/DC converters with high voltage gain. The results are obtained through Matlab/Simulink software package.

Keywords: DC–DC Power Conversion, Capacitor Modules, Interleaved Methodology, PI Controller

In this paper, a model is proposed to perform three functions on a single three phase Induction motor. We are going to implement the redesigning of stator of three phase Induction motor in which the rotor remains as it is. In such a way that it can act as a rotary phase converter and welding transformer.

Keywords: Bell Push Switch, Polyphase Induction motor, Rotary Phase Converter, Rotating Transformer, Welding Transformer

ABSTRACT

Hybrid energy systems (HES) comprising multiple renewable sources such as photovoltaic (PV), wind, and energy storage units require advanced power electronic interfaces to manage energy flow efficiently. Multi-input and bi-directional converters are emerging as crucial components in HES, enabling simultaneous integration of multiple sources while supporting bi-directional power flow for storage devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of multi-input bi-directional converter topologies, including DC–DC and DC–AC structures, their control strategies, and application scenarios. Comparative analysis demonstrates the advantages in efficiency, reliability, and flexibility over conventional single-input converters. Challenges related to modulation, fault tolerance, and system scalability are discussed, and emerging trends for future hybrid energy integration are highlighted.

KEYWORDS: - Hybrid energy systems, Multi-input converters, Bi-directional converters, Renewable integration, DC–DC converter, DC–AC inverter

Automation is basic requirement in industrial development. Programmable logic controller (PLC) plays an important role in development of industrial automation. PLC has many input-output pins that can use for controlling various applications. There are some expandable module in PLC for controlling applications. To develop test jig for flexi logic PLC series is the main objective. By designing and developing Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) for PLC, it is possible to minimize and reduce human intervention. This can provide faster and efficient testing of equipment.

Keywords: PLC, Test jig, Flexi logic series FL-010.

Abstract

The approach is to automatically regulate the mood or brainwave of cerebral Palsy. An algorithm has been stated to analyse the brainwave signals from electroencephalogram (EEG). Also EEG-based brain-controlled mobile robots can serve as powerful aids for severely disabled people in their daily life, especially to help them move voluntarily. These music or sound tracks, selected based on the choice of the target people, Sample stored EEG data of different patients having different moods were used to verify the feasibility of the approach and the obtained results ensured its effectiveness. After verifying all the methods we get the most useful method which can be used more efficiently than others.

Keywords: Brain-computer interface (BCI), Real time EEG data acquisition, Music Therapy & type, brain-controlled mobile robot.

The aim behind the development of the project is to limit the current at starting of motor and to develop the high starting torque. There are different methods of starting of 3-phase Slip-Ring induction Motor. However, we selected the rotor resistance method of control for Starting the Induction Motor. Here a Programmable Logic Controller is used which will be programmed as per our need. We have designed a control panel and programmed the PLC according to our need. The motor starts with high rotor resistance and as time elapse the rotor resistance will be shorted and the motor runs at rated speed. The resistance has been cut from the rotor in three parts in three different time intervals. The process of management of time and controlling of relays is the function of the PLC. Depending on PLC output, the relays will get shorted and the resistance will be removed from the rotor terminal.

Keywords: PLC, 3-phase Slip-Ring induction Motor

In this paper, a DC-DC boost converter is used for a Solar PV Panel for a drive application. The DC-DC boost converter is performed using a, Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) for a smooth and effective operation. The ZVS reduces the voltage stress during the switching of DC-DC boost converters. The Solar PV Panel is considered as the source of renewable energy for producing the DC supply. The Solar PV panel is designed to produce the maximum power out from the panel. The proposed method is performed in MATLAB Simulink for the various components and the results are analysed.

Keywords: AC/DC converter, Continuous current mode (CCM), DC-DC converter, Interleaved boost converter, Power factor correction (PFC), Zero- current switching (ZCS), Zero-voltage switching (ZVS), Solar array.

Abstract

A Direct Torque control algorithm which enables the Doubly Fed Induction Motor (DFIM) to operate in constant torque region is proposed here. This algorithm is employed for EV/HEV application. Inverters are supplied by a MPPT enabled PV and battery. Torque and air-gap flux of a DFIM can be controlled directly.

 Keywords: Doubly fed induction motor (DFIM), Electric vehicle/hybrid electric vehicle (EV/HEV), PV array (Photovoltaic Array)

ABSTRACT

The rising adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has emphasized the importance of high-efficiency and high-power-density traction motors. Conventional distributed winding technologies face challenges in terms of efficiency, thermal performance, and manufacturability under high current densities. Innovative winding technologies, such as hairpin and bar windings, have emerged as viable solutions to address these challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive review of hairpin and bar winding technologies for EV traction motors, focusing on electrical performance, thermal behavior, manufacturability, and impact on efficiency and torque density. Comparative analysis with conventional windings is provided using reported experimental and simulation data. The paper concludes with future trends and research directions in winding innovations for next-generation EV traction systems.

KEYWORDS: - Electric vehicle traction motor, Hairpin winding, Bar winding, Efficiency, Torque density, Thermal management, Manufacturability