Journal of Research in Electrical Circuits and Systems ISSN: 3139-2059 (Online)

Authors: Dr. Arjun V. Ramesh, Megha S. Iyer

Abstract: Digital twin technology enables real-time virtual replication of physical electrical systems, providing predictive analytics, operational optimization, and enhanced reliability. By integrating IoT sensors, simulation models, and machine learning, digital twins facilitate monitoring, diagnostics, and control in power systems, industrial automation, and smart grids. This paper explores the architecture, modeling techniques, and applications of digital twins for electrical systems. Challenges including real-time data integration, model accuracy, and cybersecurity are discussed. Indian research contributions from small and mid-sized institutions are highlighted. Tables and 2D figures illustrate system architecture, data flow, and integration frameworks.

Keywords: Digital twin, Electrical systems, IoT integration, Predictive maintenance, Real-time simulation, Smart grid

Authors: Prof. Ravikumar S. Naik, Dr. Pankaj K. Sharma

Abstract: Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become cornerstones in modern computation, powering applications from pattern recognition to autonomous systems. Traditionally realized in digital hardware or software simulators, neural networks face challenges in energy consumption, speed, and scalability. Analog circuits offer an alternative path, capitalizing on the continuous nature of physical signals to implement neural computations directly in hardware. This paper explores analog neural network implementations, detailing foundational concepts, circuit architectures, learning mechanisms, and practical challenges. Through analysis and comparisons with digital systems, analog neural networks reveal opportunities for ultra–low power and high throughput computing, particularly in edge devices and real–time signal processing. The paper includes design examples, tables comparing key architectures, 2D figures illustrating core circuit blocks, and an extensive reference list of original works.

Keywords: Analog neural networks, Operational transconductance amplifiers, Memristive synapses, Learning circuits, Neuromorphic analog design

Authors: Dr. Karthik P. Nair, Anjali R. Menon

Abstract: Fault detection in electrical circuits is a critical aspect of ensuring system reliability, safety, and efficiency. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid models, are increasingly applied to automate fault detection, diagnosis, and prediction. This paper presents a comprehensive review of AI based fault detection methodologies in electrical circuits, covering signal processing techniques, feature extraction, classification algorithms, and hybrid approaches. Applications in power systems, motor drives, and industrial automation are discussed. Indian research contributions, case studies, and practical implementations are highlighted. Tables and 2D figures illustrate fault detection workflows, algorithm performance, and circuit-level implementations.

Keywords: AI, Fault detection, Electrical circuits, Machine learning, Deep learning, Predictive maintenance, Motor drives

Authors: K. Suresh Kumar, P. Anitha

Abstract:  The rapid growth of modern electrical and electronic systems has resulted in circuit networks of unprecedented size and complexity. Large-scale circuit networks are commonly encountered in integrated circuits, power transmission systems, communication infrastructures, and industrial automation. Conventional analytical techniques, such as direct application of Kirchhoff’s laws, become inefficient and computationally expensive when dealing with thousands or millions of circuit elements. Advanced methods for solving large-scale circuit networks have therefore become essential. This paper presents a detailed review of advanced computational and mathematical techniques used for analyzing large-scale electrical circuits. Methods based on matrix formulations, sparse system techniques, graph-theoretic approaches, numerical solvers, and iterative algorithms are discussed. The role of computer-aided tools and algorithmic optimizations is highlighted. Tables and two-dimensional figures are included to illustrate concepts and comparative performance. The paper concludes by emphasizing future research directions in scalable and intelligent circuit analysis methods.

Keywords: Large-scale circuits, numerical methods, sparse matrices, iterative solvers, circuit simulation, network analysis

Abstract

Power electronics circuits are fundamental to modern energy conversion systems, including renewable energy, electric vehicles, motor drives, and industrial automation. These circuits require simultaneous optimization of multiple performance objectives, such as efficiency, thermal performance, switching losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and cost. Multi-objective optimization (MOO) techniques provide systematic methods to achieve trade-offs between conflicting goals. This paper explores strategies for multi-objective optimization in power electronics circuits, including evolutionary algorithms, metaheuristic techniques, and machine learning-based approaches. Applications in inverter design, DC–DC converters, and motor drives are discussed. Tables summarize commonly used optimization algorithms, objectives, and performance comparisons, while a 2D block diagram illustrates a typical MOO framework in power electronics. Challenges, computational strategies, and future research directions are also highlighted.

Keywords: Multi-objective optimization, Power electronics, Evolutionary algorithms, DC–DC converters, Inverter design, Efficiency, Switching loss, Thermal performance

Abstract

In this paper various topologies of bidirectional dc-dc converter are analyzed.  Bidirectional dc-dc converters (BDC) have recently received a lot of attention due to the increasing need to systems with the capability of bidirectional energy transfer between two dc buses. Apart from traditional application in dc motor drives, new applications of BDC include energy storage in renewable energy systems, fuel cell energy systems, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). The circuit configuration for various topologies of dc-dc converter is analyzed. Two topologies employs the coupled inductor to the same windings turns in the primary and secondary sides. In step-up mode, the primary and secondary windings of the coupled inductor are operated in parallel charge and series discharge to achieve high step-up voltage gain. In step-down mode, the primary and secondary windings of the coupled inductor are operated in series charge and parallel discharge to achieve high step-down voltage gain. One topology employs an inductor to achieve the bidirectional conversion. Thus, the converters has higher step-up and step-down voltage gains and under same electric specifications, the average value of the switch current for all the topologies is compared and analyzed.  Simulation can be done for 14/42-V circuit and 24/400-V circuit are discussed using PSIM software for the various topologies and to compare their results.

Keywords: Bidirectional dc-dc converters, coupled inductor.     

Abstract

In this paper a novel approach for dual boost converter is presented which is applicable to transformer less grid linked inverter. The input voltage from solar modules given to boost converter should be fixed. But due to environmental causes it varies. For a certain range of variations in input it is controlled by controlling the PWM triggering of MOSFET in boost converter circuit so that the output of the boost converter is a fixed output. This approach is analyzed, designed and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK, curve fitting in MATLAB and generating formula, implementing the formula using VHDL on Spartan 3 FPGA and also on AVR microcontroller.

Keywords: Dual Boost Converter, Duty Cycle, Pulse triggering

Abstract

This paper presents application of the technology that involves controlled breaking of slipring induction motor by use of the Schmitt-trigger circuit. These motors are used in many industries for application in machines that function only with a high initial torque. Invariably, these machines have high inertia, and while stopping, electrical braking is applied to quickly decelerate the load. The commonly used method of braking AC motors is "Plugging", if the control system fails to detect zero speed and reversing torque continues, the machine may start operating in reverse which is undesirable. Many machines have mechanical holding brakes which are applied at near-zero speed. If the mechanical brakes operate when the motor speed is high, it will lead to the brakes wearing out quickly and cause maintenance problems. Many machines use electro-mechanical speed switches, these electro-mechanical switches are prone to failure due to many moving parts, springs and coupling with motor shaft, which results in over-travel of the machine. To solve these reliability issues, it is proposed to develop an alternative system which detects zero speed of the motor by an electronic circuit.

Keywords: -Schmitt trigger circuit, induction motor, electromechanical switches, plugging, Zero speed

Abstract

Use of an electric vehicle is increasing day by day. The role of different electrical and electronic components has become very important for increasing efficiency of electric vehicles. Power electronic inverter is one of them. In this paper, we have studied and discussed different types of fault /failure modes, the effect of failure and causes of these failures using the fuzzy FMEA. The parts considered in traditional failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) for risk assessment are severity (S), occurrence (O) and detectability (D) of an item failure mode. As a result of the subjective and subjective nature of the information and to make the analysis more certain and sensible, an approach using fuzzy logic is proposed. This approach reduces the drawbacks of traditional FMEA and also removes some limitations. The fuzzy linguistic evaluation model has been created utilizing toolkit stage of MATLAB R2017.

Keywords: -Electric vehicles, Fuzzy logic, Fuzzy rule-based method, FMEA method, Inverters, RPN.

Abstract

The aim behind the development of the project is to limit the current at starting of motor and to develop the high starting torque. There are different methods of starting of 3-phase Slip-Ring induction Motor. However, we selected the rotor resistance method of control for Starting the Induction Motor. Here a Programmable Logic Controller is used which will be programmed as per our need. We have designed a control panel and programmed the PLC according to our need. The motor starts with high rotor resistance and as time elapse the rotor resistance will be shorted and the motor runs at rated speed. The resistance has been cut from the rotor in three parts in three different time intervals. The process of management of time and controlling of relays is the function of the PLC. Depending on PLC output, the relays will get shorted and the resistance will be removed from the rotor terminal.

Keywords: PLC, 3-phase Slip-Ring induction Motor

Abstract

Multi-phase motor drives, including three-phase, five-phase, and six-phase machines, are increasingly used in electric vehicles, aerospace, industrial automation, and robotics due to their reduced torque ripple, improved efficiency, and fault tolerance. Optimizing multi-phase motor drive circuits involves power electronics design, control strategy selection, thermal management, and harmonics minimization. This paper presents a comprehensive review of multi-phase inverter topologies, modulation techniques, control strategies, and optimization methods. Comparative tables illustrate performance metrics under different configurations. Case studies demonstrate optimization of a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive with reduced current ripple and improved efficiency. Challenges, such as component stress, EMI, and fault management, are also discussed, along with future trends in high-performance, high-density multi-phase drives.

Keywords: Multi-phase motor drives, PMSM, inverter optimization, torque ripple reduction, fault-tolerant drives, harmonic minimization

Abstract

Noise  such  as  voltage  drop  and  temperature  in  integrated  circuits  can  cause  significant performance variation and even functional failure in lower technology nodes. In this paper, we propose  an  on-chip  structure  that  measures  the  timing  uncertainty  induced  by  noise during functional  and  test  operations.  The  proposed  on-chip  structure  facilitates  the  speed characterization  under  various  workload sand  test  conditions.  The basic structure is highly scalable and can be tailored for various applications such as silicon validation, monitoring operation condition and validating logic built-in-self-test conditions. Simulation results show that it offers very high measurement resolution in a highly efficient manner.

Keywords: Integrated Circuits, Noise, Voltage, Temperature, Measurement

Abstract

By  understanding  the  basics  of  electrical  machines  and  drives,  research  on  the  following important  topics  can  be initiated:  Principles  of  electromechanical  energy  conversion;  analysis, modelling, and control of electric machinery; steady state performance characteristics of direct-current, induction, synchronous and reluctance machines; scalar control of induction machines; introduction   to   direct-and   quadrature –axis   theory;   dynamic   models   of   induction   and synchronous  motors;  vector  control  of  induction  and  synchronous  motors.  That’s why we explain how electrical machines work as an energy conversion device.

Keywords: Electrical Machines, Energy Conversion Device, Principles of electromechanical energy conversion; control of electric machinery

Abstract

There can be many reasons for a hydraulic system failure. In this paper, various methods of isolating the problem are presented. The central idea of isolating the problem is to first trace it to one area, and then either check or replace each component of that area till the problem is fixed. As the hydraulic circuit consists of many components, it is often not possible to detect the cause of the problem by its symptoms. That’s why it is important to know the steps and procedures to isolate a problem for fixing it.

Keywords: Hydraulic Circuit, Pump Suction Strainer, Hydraulic Pump

Abstract

Multi-level inverters (MLIs) have emerged as a key technology in high-power and medium-voltage applications, including renewable energy integration, motor drives, and power quality improvement. Unlike conventional two-level inverters, MLIs produce output voltages with multiple discrete levels, reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) and switching losses. This paper provides a comprehensive review of multi-level inverter topologies, control strategies, modulation techniques, and design considerations. Comparative tables illustrate performance trade-offs for different architectures. Simulation and experimental insights demonstrate voltage waveform quality, efficiency, and reliability. The paper concludes with future trends, including hybrid MLIs, intelligent control, and grid integration.

Keywords: Multi-level inverter, THD, power electronics, renewable energy, PWM control, cascaded H-bridge

Abstract

This paper deals with fabrication of an IoT device intended to detect the distance of fault in cable lines from the base station using an Arduino micro controller kit and display the result through a web page. In the urban areas, the electrical cable runs in undergrounds instead of overhead lines. Whenever the fault occurs in underground cable it is difficult to detect the exact location of the fault for process of repairing that particular cable. The Cables are prone to a wide variety of faults due to underground conditions, wear and tear, rodents etc. The repairmen know exactly which part has fault and only that area is to be dug to detect the fault source. The system detects fault with the help of potential divider network laid across the cable. Whenever a fault gets created at a point shorting two lines together, a specific voltage gets generated as per the resistors network combination. This voltage is sensed by the microcontroller and is updated to the user. The information conveyed to the user is the distance to which that voltage corresponds to. The microcontroller retrieves the fault line data and displays over LCD display, also it transfers this data over a network to display in a web browser.

Keywords:  IoT, Arduino, Cable fault, Web page, resistor network

Abstract

This research paper introduces a fully controllable Oscillator and Operational Trans Resistance Amplifier (OTRA) and six passive components consist of three Resistors and three Capacitors. Workability of all the simulators are tested by 0.5μm CMOS Technology.

Keywords: Operational Trans Resistance Amplifier, Oscillator

Abstract

As per the requirements of market of Energy Meter there is need of Smart Energy Meter. Today’s, the system will use ZigBee system for communication protocol. The ZigBee is used when the application need high speed data rate and need to be low powered and minimum cost. In our project presenting the remote wireless Energy Meter Reading System this helps in resolving the shortcomings of the technology of the traditional Energy Meter Reading, by adding the characteristics of the ZigBee technology and IEEE802.15.4 standard with AVR Microcontroller ATMega16. The hardware implementation was designed, and then analyzed the use cases of Energy Meter.

Keywords: Energy Meter, ZigBee, Microcontroller, ATMega16

Abstract

An odor is composed of molecules, each of which has a specific size and shape. An electronic nose is a device that identifies the specific components of an odour and analyses its chemical makeup to identify it. The electronic nose is a device that detects the hazardous gases which are present in industrial areas. It senses as well as informs the operator such that they are in safe condition.

Keywords: Sensors, controller and cloud

Abstract

Chaotic circuits are nonlinear dynamical systems that exhibit deterministic but unpredictable behavior. They are widely used in secure communications, random number generation, signal encryption, and nonlinear control systems. Accurate modeling of chaotic circuits is essential for understanding their behavior, designing practical implementations, and exploring novel applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of modeling techniques for chaotic circuits, including differential equation-based modeling, discrete-time maps, and SPICE-level simulations. Various applications of chaotic circuits are also discussed, highlighting their role in modern communication, encryption, and sensing systems. Tables summarize typical chaotic circuit types, parameters, and applications, while a 2D figure illustrates the simulation and modeling framework. Challenges such as sensitivity to initial conditions, parameter variations, and hardware implementation constraints are addressed.

Keywords: Chaotic circuits, Nonlinear dynamics, Secure communications, Random number generation, SPICE simulation, Chaos-based encryption

Abstract

All these vehicular populations    are increasing exhaust pollution and particularly in metro smart cities as density of these vehicles is very high. The biggest threat of 21st century is the Global warming which have their source in vehicular and industrial emissions mainly like CO, CO2, black carbon, Sox, Noxetc. The spark plug which is the main part of our smart engine helps in combustion of fuel. Super air filter placed at the output of the silencer filters out and recognizes CO2 and CO emitted   by the   vehicles.   Variations  of  these  will  be detected  by  CO  sensors which  sends  information to the installed IC. This paper describes a new paradigm of pollution controlling using CO sensors and IC's particularly 922 or 920.

Keywords: CO, Super air filter, IC 922|920, CO sensor

Abstract

Implantable medical devices (IMDs) such as pacemakers, neurostimulators, cochlear implants, and drug delivery systems require highly reliable, miniaturized, and low-power circuits to ensure safe and long-term operation inside the human body. Power efficiency is critical due to limited battery capacity and the difficulty of replacement surgeries. This paper presents a detailed review of low-power circuit design for IMDs, focusing on analog front-ends, low-power amplifiers, signal conditioning, wireless telemetry, power management, and energy harvesting solutions. Tables summarize design trade-offs and performance metrics, and a 2D conceptual block diagram illustrates an integrated implantable medical device architecture. Challenges, including low-noise operation, miniaturization, and biocompatibility, are discussed. Future directions emphasize energy harvesting, ultra-low-power microcontrollers, and AI-assisted adaptive control for next-generation IMDs.

Keywords: Implantable medical devices, Low-power circuits, Energy efficiency, Signal conditioning, Wireless telemetry, Biocompatibility, Energy harvesting

Abstract

The DNA molecule is indubitably the most powerful medium known to code, store information as a means of data storage but till now, DNA molecule has found little use in computing applications. For initiating computing application with DNA molecule, it requires to design DNA transistors which can be utilized to design basic gates to implement Boolean logic. Interestingly, some recent researches have shown that it is very much possible to design a three terminal transistor like device architecture by controlling the flow of RNA polymerase along DNA with specific integrases as inputs. Such approach also initiated successful experimental design and realization of various basic Boolean logic Gates with DNA molecule. Present work theoretically adopted, modified and extended such DNA logic gate concept to execute design simulation of a 4*4 bit Wallace Tree Multiplier circuit. The timing diagram for input and product output has been successfully simulated which authenticate that such DNA logic gate concept can be extended to complex circuits also. The bit error rate and delay factor calculation have been done for the simulated circuit and approximate area analysis has been done. Present simulation model is designed with digital modeling approach in MATLAB Simulink with detail design methodology which will be a valuable step forward towards developing circuit simulator to simulate, analyze and fabricate bio-electronic circuits in near future.

Keywords: DNA, RNA, transcription, transistors, logic gates, wallace tree multiplier, simulation

Abstract

The current trend in computing has launched us into a world of numerous, easily accessible computing devices connected to each other and to an increasingly ubiquitous network infrastructure which has created new opportunities in Information Technology. This trend has proven to be a solution to electricity costs which has experienced geometric increase in some countries. Leaving electronic devices on at home while away for work or when you embark on a trip has its inherent dangers, as well as rising energy consumption which amounts to waste. This paper presents a smart space of networked devices which is programmed with a mobile phone. We used object-oriented methodology to model the home appliances. The end-user can monitor and control his home appliances with his mobile phone from any location at any time. We examined some existing one-to-one based systems which assumed that the devices must have a mobile phone attached to the controller which leverages on the components of the ‘second’ phone to complete communication with the device. Here the system depended on the already built component of the used phone and if the second phone is removed the system will fail. In our research, we developed a polymorphous based system (one-to-many), which uses only a single phone. The user phone requires no other phone at the receiving end and can communicate with a controller with multiple ports making it polymorphous. We also developed custom-made module for reception of signals independent of the second phone. The system was implemented using Arduino microprocessor and a GSM module which forms the server side of the system. A prototype of our system was carried out successfully. With our system, multiple appliances could be switched OFF or ON simultaneously compared with the existing ones that are capable of handling one appliance at a time.

Keywords: Ubiquitous computing; smart homes; microcontroller; remote control; mobile device.

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed modern sensing and automation systems, enabling large-scale data acquisition, remote monitoring, and intelligent control. IoT-enabled sensor networks consist of distributed sensors, processing units, communication modules, and power management circuits. Designing circuits for IoT sensor nodes involves addressing challenges such as low-power operation, miniaturization, wireless communication, reliability, and security. This paper presents a comprehensive review of circuit-level challenges in IoT-enabled sensor networks, covering analog front-ends, microcontrollers, wireless transceivers, energy harvesting, and system integration. Tables summarize key design trade-offs and circuit performance metrics, while a 2D block diagram illustrates a typical IoT sensor node architecture. Future directions include ultra-low-power designs, AI-assisted local processing, and energy-efficient communication strategies.

Keywords: IoT sensor networks, Low-power circuits, Wireless communication, Energy harvesting, Signal conditioning, Microcontrollers,