Journal of Research in Electrical Circuits and Systems ISSN: 3139-2059 (Online)

Authors: Dr. Ananya R. Joshi, Dr. Subodh K. Chatterjee

Abstract: Wearable electronics are increasingly integrated into healthcare, sports, and personal devices, requiring circuits that are compact, low-power, flexible, and
robust. Circuit design for wearables presents unique challenges, including power constraints, form factor limitations, mechanical stress, and environmental variability. This paper reviews critical aspects of wearable
electronics circuit design, including low-power analog and digital design, sensor interface techniques, energy harvesting integration, and flexible substrate implementation. Practical design strategies are analyzed, and comparative tables illustrate trade-offs in size, power, and performance. Future trends in wearable circuit design, including flexible electronics and ultra-low-power processing, are discussed.

Keywords: Wearable electronics, low-power design, flexible circuits, sensor interface, energy harvesting, compact design

Authors: Dr. Meera S. Patil, Mr. Ankit Roy

Abstract: Nonlinear control is essential in robotics due to the inherently nonlinear dynamics of robotic actuators, sensors, and mechanical linkages. Circuit- based nonlinear controllers, including analog and hybrid analog-digital
implementations, allow real-time compensation of nonlinearities such as saturation, dead-zone, and friction, improving precision, stability, and responsiveness. This paper presents an in-depth study of nonlinear control
circuit design for robotics applications, including feedback linearization,sliding mode control, and adaptive control circuits. Design considerations, component selection, and stability analysis are discussed. Tables compare nonlinear control techniques, circuit topologies, and robotic application performance metrics. Emerging trends, including integrated low-power circuits and AI-assisted nonlinear control, are also reviewed.

Keywords: Nonlinear control, robotics, analog controller, sliding mode, adaptive control, feedback linearization, actuator compensation

Authors: Dr. Ravi K. Sharma, Ms. Sneha Banerjee

Abstract: Active Noise Cancellation (ANC) systems are increasingly applied in consumer electronics, automotive cabins, and industrial environments to reduce unwanted acoustic noise. Electrical circuits in ANC systems are
responsible for sensing the noise, processing the signal, and generating an anti-noise signal for cancellation. This paper presents a comprehensive study of circuit-based ANC implementations, including microphone and sensor
interfaces, adaptive filter circuits, power amplifier drivers, and loudspeaker output stages. Design considerations for stability, convergence, and low- latency operation are discussed. Tables compare different ANC circuit topologies, adaptive algorithms, and performance metrics, while figures
illustrate representative circuit architectures. Future trends, including hybrid analog-digital ANC and low-power integrated solutions, are also explored.

Keywords: Active noise cancellation, adaptive filter, operational amplifier, microphone interface, speaker driver, LMS algorithm, signal processing

Authors: Dr. Kavita R. Deshmukh, Mr. Subhankar Roy

Abstract: Adaptive filters are widely used in signal processing applications such as noise cancellation, echo suppression, biomedical signal enhancement, and
communication systems. While digital adaptive filters are prevalent, analog circuits offer advantages in terms of high-speed operation, low latency, and low power consumption. This paper presents a comprehensive study of analog
adaptive filter design techniques, including Least Mean Squares (LMS) and Recursive Least Squares (RLS) implementations using operational amplifiers, multipliers, and integrator networks. Key design considerations, such as
stability, convergence rate, and component tolerance, are discussed. Tables summarize filter performance metrics, convergence characteristics, and circuit topologies, while figures illustrate representative analog adaptive filter
implementations. Future trends, including hybrid analog-digital adaptive filtering, are also explored.

Keywords: Adaptive filter, analog circuit, LMS, RLS, operational amplifier, convergence, noise cancellation

Authors: Dr. Ritesh K. Sharma, Dr. Ananya B. Ghosh

Abstract: Wireless power transfer (WPT) enables energy delivery without physical connectors, providing flexible, reliable, and safe solutions for consumer electronics, biomedical implants, electric vehicles, and IoT devices. The
effectiveness of WPT systems relies heavily on efficient and optimized circuit design, including resonant inverters, rectifiers, impedance matching networks, and control circuitry. This paper presents a detailed review of circuits used in WPT systems, emphasizing efficiency, stability, and scalability. Tables summarize key parameters, trade-offs, and performance metrics, while a 2D block diagram illustrates a typical WPT circuit architecture. Challenges such as misalignment, energy loss, and EMI are discussed, along with emerging trends in adaptive control, high-frequency design, and multi-device power transfer.

Keywords: Wireless power transfer, Resonant circuits, Rectifiers, Impedance matching, Power electronics, Efficiency optimization, Control circuits.

Authors: Dr. Meera V. Reddy, Dr. Subhankar K. Roy

Abstract: Fractional-order calculus (FOC) has emerged as a powerful mathematical framework for modeling, analysis, and control of electrical circuits that exhibit memory and hereditary properties. Unlike conventional integer-order
models, fractional-order models can accurately capture complex dynamics in resistive, capacitive, and inductive elements, especially in lossy, dispersive, or bioelectrical systems. This paper reviews circuit modeling using fractional-order calculus, highlighting theoretical foundations, design methodologies, simulation techniques, and applications in analog filters, control circuits, and
bioelectronic devices. Tables summarize typical fractional-order elements and their characteristics, while a 2D block diagram illustrates a generalized fractional-order circuit modeling approach. Challenges, such as numerical
implementation and stability analysis, are discussed, alongside future research directions.

Keywords: Fractional-order calculus, Fractional-order circuits, Electrical modeling, Analog filters, Control systems, Bioelectronics, Memory effects

Authors: Dr. Anjali Verma,Mr. Rohit Das

Abstract: Real-time digital signal processing (DSP) is essential in applications ranging from telecommunications to biomedical instrumentation. Accurate circuit modeling is critical to bridge analog sensor signals and high-speed digital computation platforms. This paper presents an in-depth study of circuit modeling techniques for real-time DSP, including analog front-end design, ADC interfacing, FPGA and DSP processor integration, and low-latency
signal pathways. Emphasis is placed on precision, noise minimization, bandwidth considerations, and timing constraints. Tables compare various ADC types, sampling techniques, and interface circuits, while figures illustrate
representative real-time DSP system architectures. Emerging trends, such as mixed-signal ICs and high-speed ADC/DSP co-design, are also discussed.

Keywords: Real-time DSP, circuit modeling, ADC interfacing, analog front-end, FPGA, low-latency, mixed-signal design

Authors: Dr. Aishwarya N. Reddy, Dr. Subhajit Banerjee

Abstract: High-speed communication systems, including optical fiber networks, 5G wireless, and high-speed serial links, demand ultra-fast, low-latency, and low-noise circuit designs. The performance of transceivers, amplifiers, and
drivers directly impacts data integrity, bandwidth, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This paper presents a detailed study of circuit design techniques for high-speed communication systems, including transceiver architectures,
amplifier design, impedance matching, signal integrity techniques, and noise minimization. Design trade-offs, simulation results, and practical implementation challenges are discussed. Comparative tables illustrate performance metrics, and the paper concludes with future trends, such as mmWave circuits, high-speed mixed-signal integration, and advanced packaging technologies.

Keywords: High-speed circuits, transceivers, signal integrity, low-noise design, impedance matching, communication systems.

Authors: Dr. Priyanka R. Menon, Mr. Ankit Das

Abstract: Bidirectional DC-DC converters are pivotal in modern energy systems, enabling energy flow in both directions between a DC source and load or storage device. They are extensively used in battery energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and renewable energy integration. This paper presents a comprehensive study of bidirectional converter topologies, control strategies,
design methodologies, and performance evaluation. Special attention is given to efficiency optimization, voltage and current stress reduction, and transient response improvement. Tables compare popular topologies, switching
strategies, and efficiency metrics, while figures illustrate typical circuit diagrams. Finally, challenges and future research directions, including wide-bandgap devices and advanced digital control, are discussed.

Keywords: Bidirectional DC-DC converter, energy storage, electric vehicle, pulse-width modulation, voltage-mode control, efficiency optimization

Authors: J. Jagan Pradee, Praveen P N

Abstract: Noise in integrated circuits due to variation in temperature and voltage drop can cause significant variation of performance and also result in functional failure at lower technology nodes. In this paper, we present the proposal for developing an on-chip structure that can
measure the timing uncertainty that is induced by noise in integrated circuits. The noise was induced during test and functional operations to study this. The on-chip structure proposed here helps in speed characterization under different test conditions and workloads. The structure of this chip can be tailored for different applications due to its high scalability. It can find application in monitoring operation condition, silicon validation and validation of
logic built-in-self-test conditions. Results of simulation show that it offers a high measurement resolution and is highly efficient too.

Keywords: Noise, Voltage, Temperature, Measurement, Resolution

Authors: T. Selvam, Shiv Raju

Abstract: System developers, especially those who are new to digital signal processors (DSPs), are sometimes uncertain whether they need to use fixed- or floating-
point DSPs for their systems. Both fixed- and floating-point DSPs are designed to perform the high speed computations that underlie real-time signal processing. Both feature system-on-a-chip (SOC) integration with on- chip memory and a variety of high-speed peripherals to ensure fast throughput and design flexibility. Tradeoffs of cost and ease of use often heavily influenced the fixed- or floating-point decision in the past. Today, though, selecting either type of DSP depends mainly on whether the added computational capabilities of the floating-point format are required by the
application. In this paper we will discuss the comparison between Fixed- and Floating-Point DSPs in their respective numeric representations of data.

Keywords: Digital Signal Processing, Fixed Point, Floating Point, Fixed Point Vs Floating Point.

Authors: Dr. Radhika S. Menon, Dr. Anupam K. Roy

Abstract: Smart homes integrate sensors, actuators, and communication modules to provide automated, safe, and energy-efficient living environments. Central to this ecosystem are energy-efficient circuit designs that manage power distribution, control loads, and interface with smart devices. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of circuit design strategies for energy- efficient smart homes, covering low-power microcontroller-based control circuits, power management ICs, smart lighting and HVAC control circuits, and energy-harvesting interfaces. Design optimization, implementation challenges, and performance evaluation are discussed. Tables summarize key circuit parameters and trade-offs, and a 2D conceptual block diagram illustrates an integrated smart home circuit framework. Emerging trends, including IoT-enabled energy management and AI-driven load optimization, are also highlighted.

Keywords: Smart home circuits, Energy efficiency, Power management, IoT, Low-power design, Load control, Energy harvesting.

Authors: Dr. Sneha R. Menon, Dr. Subrata K. Dey

Abstract: The increasing complexity of modern electrical networks, including smart grids, renewable energy integration, and distributed generation, has necessitated the adoption of intelligent optimization strategies. Artificial
Intelligence (AI) techniques, such as machine learning (ML), evolutionary algorithms, and deep reinforcement learning, provide powerful tools for optimizing electrical network design. This paper explores AI-based optimization methods for electrical networks, covering load balancing, energy efficiency, fault management, and system reliability. The study discusses AI techniques applied to network topology, component sizing, voltage control, and power flow management. Challenges such as data quality, computational complexity, and model interpretability are addressed. Tables summarize AI algorithm comparisons and network performance metrics, while a 2D diagram illustrates a typical AI-optimized network design framework.

Keywords: Electrical network design, AI optimization, Smart grids, Machine learning, Evolutionary algorithms, Power system reliability, Renewable integration.

Authors: Authors: Dr. Meera R. Nair, Mr. Arindam Chatterjee

Abstract: Grid-tied renewable energy inverters are critical components that facilitate the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems into
electrical grids. These inverters convert DC power from renewable sources to AC power synchronized with the grid, ensuring stability, power quality, and safety. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of circuit topologies,
control strategies, and protection schemes for grid-tied inverters. Emphasis is placed on multi-level and transformerless inverter designs, pulse-width modulation (PWM) techniques, grid synchronization using Phase-Locked
Loop (PLL), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) integration, and harmonic mitigation. Tables summarize inverter types, control methods, and comparative performance, while figures illustrate circuit architectures. Finally, challenges and future research directions in grid-tied renewable energy systems are discussed.

Keywords: Grid-tied inverter, renewable energy, PWM, multi-level inverter, MPPT, harmonic mitigation, PLL synchronization