Journal of Research in Electrical Circuits and Systems ISSN: 3139-2059 (Online)

Abstract

Semiconductor devices are electronic components that rely on the electronic properties of a semiconductor material for their function. They are used in a wide variety of electrical systems, including power systems, electronics, and optoelectronics. Semiconductor devices offer many advantages over vacuum tubes, including smaller size, lower power consumption, longer lifespan, and wider range of applications.

Keywords- semiconductor devices, electrical systems, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, power systems, electronics, optoelectronics

This paper discusses two of the most common techniques for circuit analysis: Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) and phasor analysis. KCL is a basic law of circuit analysis that states that the sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node. Phasor analysis is a technique for representing sinusoidal voltages and currents as rotating vectors. It can be used to simplify complex circuits and to solve circuit problems that would be difficult to solve using other methods.

Keywords- Circuit analysis, Kirchhoff's current law (KCL), Phasor analysis, Sinusoidal voltages and currents, Rotating vectors, Complex circuits

Abstract

Circuit components are fundamental building blocks of electronic systems, enabling the creation of complex devices that drive modern technology. This paper delves into the diverse world of circuit components, exploring their types, characteristics, and applications. By understanding the underlying principles of these components, engineers can harness their unique properties to design innovative circuits that cater to a wide range of applications. The paper covers essential passive and active components, highlighting their significance in various electronic systems. Additionally, emerging trends and technologies related to circuit components are discussed, paving the way for novel advancements in the field.

Keywords- circuit components, passive components, active components, applications, advanced trends, design considerations

ABSTRACT

Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) is an important part of ensuring the reliability and safety of power distribution systems. FDD systems can help to detect faults early and isolate them from the rest of the system, minimizing the impact of the fault. There are two main types of FDD systems: model-based and data-driven. The choice of FDD system depends on the specific application. Fault location and fault diagnosis are two important tasks that are performed after a fault has been detected. Fault location algorithms are used to calculate the location of the fault, while fault diagnosis algorithms are used to identify the type of fault.

KEYWORDS- fault detection, fault diagnosis, power distribution systems, model- based FDD, data-driven FDD, fault location, fault diagnosis algorithms

Abstract

Electrical power systems are prone to faults that can cause equipment damage, service interruption, and safety hazards. Protection schemes are designed to detect abnormal conditions and isolate faulty sections, ensuring reliability and safety. This paper reviews major protection schemes in power systems, including overcurrent, differential, distance, and busbar protection, as well as relaying techniques and coordination strategies. Circuit models, relay configurations, and fault analysis methods are discussed with supporting tables and figures. The paper emphasizes the integration of protection schemes in modern smart grids and their importance in maintaining power system stability and reliability.

KEYWORDS: Power system protection, relays, fault detection, overcurrent, differential protection, distance protection, coordination

Abstract

The increasing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to a growing need for efficient and convenient charging solutions. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has emerged as a promising solution to address this need, offering the convenience of no cables or plugs, while reducing the reliance on traditional charging stations. This paper proposes a novel approach to WPT from the grid to EVs using single-phase matrix converter technology. The proposed system is designed to achieve high efficiency, low cost, and compact size, while meeting the safety and regulatory standards. The paper presents the design, modeling, simulation, and experimental validation of the proposed system. The results show that the proposed system achieves a high power transfer efficiency of over 95% and can deliver up to 7.5 kW of power to the EV. The proposed system has the potential to revolutionize the charging infrastructure for EVs, making it more efficient, convenient, and accessible to a wider range of users.

Keywords: Wireless power transfer, electric vehicles, single-phase matrix converter, power electronics, efficiency.

Abstract

The use of printed circuit boards (PCBs) has increased rapidly in recent years due to the growth of the electronics industry. However, the fabrication and disposal of traditional PCBs pose significant environmental concerns. In response, there has been a surge in research on green electronics, and one promising solution is the development of future paper-based PCBs (P-PCBs). In this paper, we describe the fabrication and characterization of a P-PCB prototype and conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) of its environmental impact. Our results demonstrate that P-PCBs have lower environmental impacts compared to traditional PCBs and could provide a sustainable alternative for the electronics industry.

Keywords: Printed Circuit Boards, Green Electronics, Future Paper-based PCBs, Life Cycle Assessment, Environmental Impact

Abstract

Real-time simulation of electrical circuits enables engineers to evaluate circuit behavior under operational conditions without the need for physical prototypes. This technique is crucial for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing, power system stability analysis, and rapid prototyping of complex circuits. This paper explores the methodologies, hardware platforms, and challenges associated with real-time simulation. Strategies for achieving high-speed computation, low-latency performance, and integration with physical systems are discussed. Indian contributions from small and mid-sized institutions are highlighted. Tables and 2D figures illustrate system architectures, HIL setups, and real-time simulation workflows.

Keywords: Real-time simulation, Electrical circuits, Hardware-in-the-loop, Rapid prototyping, Power systems, Low-latency computation

The development of a robot capable of driving different digital circuits through the use of a Multiplexer with Shift Register is presented in this review paper. The paper discusses the fundamental concepts of developing a different magnitude voltage, multiplexer design, and Shift Register mechanism. The paper also provides an overview of the different digital circuits such as HTL, TTL, and M-DTL, and their respective operations. The complete circuit design via interfacing is also presented. The study concludes that the Multiplexer with Shift Register robot provides a cost-effective solution for driving different digital circuits.

Keywords: Multiplexer, Shift Register, Robotics, Digital Circuits, Electronic Devices, Interfacing, HTL, TTL, M-DTL, Logic Gates

A monolithic integrated circuit is a collection of electrical circuits located on a single, flat, compact piece of semiconductor material, often silicon. A little chip has a large number of tiny MOSFETs (metal–oxide– semiconductor field–effect transistors). As a result, discrete electrical component circuits are orders of magnitude quicker, less expensive, and more compact. Because of its mass manufacturing capability, durability, and building-block manner of integrated circuit design, integrated circuits have swiftly supplanted discrete transistor designs. ICs have revolutionised the area of electronics by being employed in practically every electronic product. Integrated circuits (ICs), such as current computer processors and microcontrollers, have become intrinsically tied to the foundation of modern civilizations, including computers, smartphones, and other digital household appliances, due to their small design and low cost.

Keywords: MOSFET, IC, Transistor, Modern Computer Processors, Microcontrollers

In current VLSI technology, high speed devices are employed in many applications, such as dynamic logic circuits, since they outperform static devices in terms of latency, noise immunity, and power consumption. Increased leakage current combined with noise immunity degrades dynamic logic circuit performance.

The body biassed DOIND-ABC2 (DOIND-2) logic is introduced in this study to decrease leakage current with reduced delay cost. In this study, a distinct Active body biassed strategy for DOIND logic approach, termed DOIND- 2(ABC-2), was applied to examine various parameters. The suggested DOIND-2 strategy provides a maximum 70 percent reduction in leakage current when compared to the Domino, DOIND, and DOIND-1 proposed techniques. The proposed DOIND-2 strategy also outperforms all existing approaches in the majority of parameters. The influence of frequency fluctuation in various circuits has been studied in this work. All parameters were tested at the 70 nm technology node with the Tanner EDA tool and a supply voltage of 0.9v.

Keywords: DOIND-2, Valuation, Power dissipation, bias in the active body Domino logic

Abstract

Due to the explosive growth of battery-less electronics and biomedical applications, ultra-low-power (ULP) circuits have drawn a lot of attention. ULP circuits employ the subthreshold region of transistor operation. The primary research challenge in the subthreshold operating region is to reap the benefits of ULP while suffering the least amount of speed and robustness loss. The performance of subthreshold circuits is significantly impacted by variations in Process, Voltage, and Temperature (PVT). Temperature changes have the potential to significantly alter the designed performance parameters of ULP circuits. The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of temperature variation on device and circuit performance parameters at various biassing voltages in the subthreshold region. According to simulation results, performance parameters are significantly impacted by deep subthreshold and near threshold voltage regions, whereas moderate subthreshold voltage regions are where subthreshold circuits are more resistant to temperature changes. This proves that temperature immune circuits work best in the moderate subthreshold region.

Keywords: Subthreshold, ultralow power, temperature variations.

Abstract

A basic building component of digital circuits such as ALU, microprocessors and microcontrollers, DSP processors, and various arithmetic operations is an added. The essential component of the arithmetic circuits is the full adder. The simplest cell of arithmetic circuits is the whole adder circuit. Many applications require logic circuits with a tiny chip size, fast throughput, and low power usage. The study focuses on the development of a 16-bit ripple carry adder based on the homogeneous adder idea. The chip is designed in Xilinx ISE 14.2 using VHDL and simulated in Modelsim 10.1. To validate the results, the design is generated on SPARTAN - 3E FPGA.

Keywords: Digital Signal Processing, Ripple Carry Adder, FPGA, VHDL programming

Abstract

The current study is about a first order bandgap reference circuit (BGR) that makes use of a single stage differential amplifier and a BJT. An external start- up circuit (based on current mirror) is utilised to accelerate transistor switching and avoid non-stable BGR states. The opamp has been developed to provide optimal gain for the BGR. BGR temperature independence was accomplished by superimposing the effects of CTAT and PTAT. Constant voltage generation with temperature change (-40^oC to 125^oC) has been confirmed using an open source simulation tool (NGSPICE). According to simulation results, the temperature coefficient and starting time of the design were 78.8 ppm/^oC and 12s, respectively.

Keywords: - PTAT, Bandgap, PTAT, CTAT, opamp.

Abstract

The obvious growth in power bill expenditures is one of the most significant factors impacting the lifestyle and economy of all countries throughout the world. Customers lose money as a result of excessive energy depletion. Furthermore, the high cost of electricity as a result of excessive consumption may lead to a major quarrel between the user and the electrical distribution providers. The lack of an energy usage monitoring system aggravates the situation. As a result, it became important to build an energy consumption monitoring technique capable of estimating daily usage and providing it to clients in an easy-to-understand format. The purpose of this study is to create and deploy a low-cost energy metre system utilising internet of things (IoT) technologies. This is a warning to customers to take precautionary measures to help reduce the increase in their power bills. This system was created using the TINKERCAD programme and the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Furthermore, system deployment and testing have been accomplished, and the desired outcomes have been thoroughly examined and achieved. The system has worked flawlessly and adequately. It is also simple, quick, and convenient to use.

Keywords: Internet of Things (IOT), Energy Meter System, Integrated Development Environment (IDE), TINKERCAD program

Abstract

The technique of spending a significant amount of time with a pencil and paper in order to scribble down first concepts is a common one among architects. In most cases, more time is needed in order to transform the work into electronic media in the form of specialised drawings. A depiction recognition system would save professionals a significant amount of time that is currently spent redrawing them in specialised software. During the course of this expectation, we will see sketched images of electrical circuits. It is necessary for us to complete a trainable electrical sketched circuit recognizer that possesses a rapid reaction time, a high level of precision, and the ability to easily extend itself to a new segment. In order to partition the circuit sketch, we will use a PCA-based picture preprocessing methodology together with a watershed division method.

Keywords: Sketched Electrical Circuit, Architecture, PCA

Abstract

In this project, we have built a fire detector using IOT based NODE-MCU which is interfaced with a fire sensor. The fire sensor senses any fire generated due to burning or fire. Whenever fire triggered, it burns objects nearby and produces a fire sensor. A fire alarm can also be triggered due to the fire. Also, whenever temperature heat intensity is high then also the alarm goes on. With the help of IOT technology, we have tried to make it smarter by connecting the whole monitoring process to the cloud server naming- “Fire Security System. “Fire monitoring system serves for industrial purposes as well as for household purposes. Whenever it detects fire or smoke then it instantly alerts the user about the fire through the Wi-Fi. For this purpose, we are using Node-MCU. It intimates the user about fire detection. This system is really useful whenever the user is not in the proximity of the control center. Whenever a fire occurs, the system automatically senses and alerts the user by sending an alert to an app installed on a user’s Android mobile or webpage accessible through the internet.

Keywords: Node-MCU, IOT technology, Fire detection, Fire alarm, Android mobile

Abstract

Within the scope of this article, a dynamic model for single-stage forward- flyback switching DC-DC converters is presented. A single power switch, a single input inductor, an entirely capacitive output filter, isolation, low current ripple through the output capacitor, and operation at a constant frequency in a conventional pulse-width-modulation scheme are some of the significant advantages that the proposed model offers. The power factor correction and multiple-output power supply applications are two potential uses for the innovative new converter that has been presented. It is capable of operating across a broad variety of input voltages. The typical AC/DC flyback converter is capable of achieving a decent power factor, but it has a high offset current through the transformer magnetising inductor. This high offset current results in a huge core loss and low power conversion efficiency. In addition, the traditional forward converter is capable of achieving strong power conversion efficiency with the assistance of a low core loss; nevertheless, the input current dead zone at the zero cross AC input voltage causes a reduction in the power factor. On the other hand, because the proposed converter is able to operate both as forward and flyback converters during the switch on and switch off periods, respectively, it is not only able to perform power transfer during the entirety of the switching period, but it is also able to achieve a high power factor as a result of the flyback operation. In addition, the core loss and volume of the transformer may be reduced thanks to the current balanced capacitor's capability of reducing the amount

of offset current that flows through the transformer's magnetising inductor. This reduction is possible independent of the AC input voltage. As a result, the converter that has been presented has a high efficiency as well as a high power factor. It begins with the construction of a simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink, which is followed by the validation of the produced model by the execution of the model on a simulation platform, from which multiple performances are acquired.

Keywords: Single Switch design, LED Drive Circuits, Flyback Converter, DC- DC Converters

Abstract

This research aims to testing of digital circuits. By using fault models at the lower levels, testing becomes cumbersome and will lead to delays in the design cycle. Thus there is a need to look for a new approach of testing the circuits at higher levels to speed up the design cycle. Different methods are implemented to detect the faults such as stuck-at faults in RTL circuits. A digital circuit usually comprises a controller and data path.

The time spent for determining a valid controller behavior to detect a fault usually dominates test generation time. A validation test set is used to verify controller behavior and, hence, it activates various controller behaviors. In this paper, different methods are presented for detecting faults in the data path thus, resulting in the detection of a majority of stuck-at faults in the data path RTL modules

Keywords: stuck-at faults;      fault coverage; data structure; validation test sets

Abstract

Time synchronisation is essential to keep a correct clock. A low-cost GPS NTP server has been accomplished in this work utilising a cheap arduino, GPS receiver, and ethernet shield. The performance of a low-cost GPS NTP server was compared to that of a commercial GPS NTP server (TM1000A). The findings indicated that both time servers had a 100% synchronisation success rate, with an average clock offset of -8,69 ms for the low cost GPS NTP server and -10,1538 ms for the TM1000A. However, as compared to a low-cost GPS NTP server, the TM1000A has a superior clock offset deviation area. The TM1000A has a lower clock offset deviation area of -8 ms to -12 ms, but the low cost GPS NTP server has a greater clock offset deviation area of -20 ms to +10 ms. We provide affordable GPS NTP servers as an alternative GPS NTP server for time synchronisation on computer networks, with manufacturing costs of less than 29 USD.

Keywords: GPS time server, , time synchronisation, : arduino, minimal cost

Wireless networks are made up of nodes, computers, or devices that connect with one another through network communication. Security is a growing difficulty job in wireless network communication. Some assaults arise in wireless ad hoc networks as a result of excessive internal data transfer activity. AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) is an intrusion detection attack detection technology that provides a way to minimise packet delivery with regard to variable throughput dependent on data transmission. We use Enhanced AODV (which combines signature authentication with AODV) to increase network performance in terms of delivery ratio, throughput, and capacity across nodes in a static wireless communication architecture. Our experimental findings show that upgraded AODV can successfully identify distributed assaults through wireless network communication with low false positive rates.

Keywords: Signature Authentication, wireless ad hoc networks, Static Topology, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector, False Positives

Abstract

Manikin Irrigation Area (I.A) covers 3000 hectares and uses water from the Tefmo Dam to distribute to the Primary-Secondary-Tertiary channels, which are regulated by lift-operated watergates. Because of the unequal distribution, this process has caused rivalry and squabbles within farmer groups, eventually reducing crop yield. The evolution of microcontroller technology transformed the Watergate concept into an automated system based on certain parameters and algorithms. One such project is Manikin I.A's smart irrigation system based on Arduino, which controls water to land depending on the time from the Real-Time Clock sensor and employs a Direct Current (DC) motor as a driver to watergate. While it may function, the system has not taken into account the power requirements of the DC motor when the water runs at maximum discharge and pressure influencing the motor. The power demand of an optimum DC motor for smart watergate in 5 open channels in Manikin I.A. is investigated in this work. A total load measurement is done based on the open channel standard characteristics when the water provided speed (V) and pressure (p) are converted to energy. According to the research, a watergate control on 5 distinct open channels in Manikin I.A with 0.30 m3/s maximum water discharge and 7.56 m/s2 flow rate needs a DC motor with 35 to 43 Watt power (39,4 Watt average power) or 3 to 3.5 Ampere current (3,26 Ampere average Current) to run 24 hours.

Keywords: open channel, DC motor, manikin irrigation area, , Arduino, smart irrigation

The goal of this research was to develop a simple, quick analytical, portable, and low-cost spectrophotometer. Unlike earlier spectrophotometers, this one used a single white light-emitting-diode (LED) as a light source, a light sensor, and an arduino electrical card as an acquisition system. A typical white-color LED generating a continuous spectrum of 450-620 nm was used to maintain a steady light level. C++ software was built to operate the photometer through a USB interface and to collect data for storage on the PC. The instrument is basic and small in design, with dimensions of 200 x 130 x 150 mm for length, breadth, and height, respectively. The overall cost is estimated to be less than

$500 USD, whereas commercially available options cost more than $10,000 USD. As a result, the current tool may be used to educate support media in impoverished nations. The current spectrophotometer's ability to analyse solution concentration (i.e. curcumin) was also proven. Surprisingly, the current spectrophotometer can correctly quantify the concentration of curcumin with an accuracy of more than 90%. Unlike commercially available conventional UV-visible spectrophotometers, which have restrictions in the examination of concentrations smaller than 50 ppm, the current device has no such constraints since the measurement is based on the LED light being penetrated.

Keywords: Spectrophotometer, Light-Emitting Diode (LED), Curcumin, Concentration Analysis; Arduino

Abstract

Distributed generation (DG) systems are prone to faults, such as source open circuit (SOC) faults. SOC faults can cause significant voltage imbalances, which can lead to system instability and even damage to the DG equipment. I this paper, we present a novel circuit that can compensate for the effects of SOC faults in DG systems. The proposed circuit is based on a combination of a current source and a voltage source, and it is designed to regulate the voltage at the DG terminals under SOC fault conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed circuit can effectively compensate for the effects of SOC faults and improve the stability of the DG system.

Keywords: Distributed generation, source open circuit fault, voltage regulation, compensation circuit.

Authors: R. Vinod, P. Swathi

Abstract: Power factor (PF) is a critical parameter in electrical systems, reflecting the efficiency of energy usage. Low power factor leads to increased losses, reduced system capacity, and higher electricity costs. Power factor correction (PFC) circuits improve system efficiency and comply with regulatory standards. This paper presents a comprehensive study of PFC techniques, including passive, active, and hybrid methods, with a focus on circuit-level implementations. Design principles, performance metrics, and control strategies are discussed. Tables and two-dimensional figures illustrate typical PFC circuits, input/output waveforms, and efficiency comparisons. The study serves as a practical guide for engineers, researchers, and students in electrical system design and optimization.

Keywords: Power factor, correction circuits, active PFC, passive PFC, efficiency, harmonic reduction