Journal of Research in Electrical Circuits and Systems ISSN: 3139-2059 (Online)

Abstract

High‑frequency printed circuit board (PCB) design is a cornerstone in modern communication systems, radar, wireless networking, and RF sensors. As operating frequencies scale into the gigahertz (GHz) range, traditional PCB design approaches encounter a suite of challenges, including signal integrity degradation, impedance discontinuities, electromagnetic interference (EMI), and thermal issues. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the key design challenges associated with high‑frequency PCBs, reviews state‑of‑the‑art techniques to mitigate them, discusses simulation and validation methods, and highlights future research trends. The discussion spans transmission line effects, material selection, layer stack‑up optimization, power integrity, and novel layout methodologies. Practical guidelines and comparative tables of design tradeoffs are included. The goal is to equip designers and researchers with a holistic understanding of the complexities inherent in high‑frequency PCB design and practical approaches to address them.

Keywords: high‑frequency PCB, signal integrity, impedance control, EMI, material dielectric, crosstalk

Abstract

This paper deals with the major advancement’s made to the fire suppressor systems in the recent years. The main problems faced by the fire systems are Portability, Automation and its cost. Existing fire extinguishers systems are not portable, setup cost is huge and operating it becomes a hurdle in times of emergency. So we device new methods wherein we can make the systems portable, automated and easily accessible .The newly devised system can provide a lot of safety to urban consumers where space is the biggest constraint. Use of Internet of things can help us connect the consumer to the systems thus reducing the real danger in emergency situations.

Keywords: Suppressors, Portability, Automation, Urban, Space, Internet of things

Abstract

India is one of the largest sugarcane growing nations. So, lot of waste material is getting produced during the production of sugar. The cogeneration technique helps to reuse these waste products for generation purpose. Cogeneration based on biomass is environmentally friendly, and all kinds of biomass resources can be used. As a result of this, the sugar units today are integrated plants which apart from manufacturing sugar, generate power and supply to the grid and also have distillery to produce ethyl alcohol. It is a system of commercially available technologies that lower general gas consumption and related GHG emissions via generating each strength and beneficial heat from the same gas input. For industries in want of energy in distinctive forms consisting of electricity & steam, (maximum extensively used form of warmth strength), the cogeneration is right answer due to its viability from technical, within your means in addition to environmental perspective. 

Keywords: Electrical energy, cogeneration cycles, Different equipments used, etc

Abstract

This paper demonstrate about the navigation for blind people using ultrasonic tester based on visual markers recognition and ultrasonic obstacles perception used as vibrator with RFID tag for acquiring required bus number detection for blind people. In this prototype, visual markers identify the points of interest in the environment additionally this location status is enriched with information obtained in real time. The RGB camera, ultrasonic sensor, vibrator, RFID Tag and cane enhancing the amount and quality of the available information. The user navigates freely in the prepared environment identifying the location markers. Based on the origin point information or the location point information using image processing the bus number is discerned. To raise the perception of the environment, avoiding possible obstacles, it uses three ultrasonic sensors with vibrator. The audio assistance provided to the user makes use of an audio bank, with simple known instructions to indicate precisely the desired route. Ten blind users tested and evaluated the system. The results showed rates of about 95.92% successful recognition of the markers using only 32 frames per second and 98.66% of ultrasonic obstacles perception disposed between 0.25 meters and 5.0 meters. By this technique blind as well as foreign people can reach the destination without any manual aid.

Keywords: - Navigation, Acoustics, Visualization, Cameras, RFID Tag, and ultrasonic sensor.

Abstract

Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation is an advanced testing methodology that integrates real-time hardware components with dynamic simulation models to evaluate electrical systems under realistic operating conditions. HIL allows engineers to verify performance, control algorithms, and system reliability without requiring full-scale deployment. This paper provides a comprehensive review of HIL simulation for electrical systems, including methodology, circuit-level considerations, real-time implementation, and applications in power electronics, renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and microgrids. Tables summarize common HIL architectures and performance metrics, while a 2D block diagram illustrates a typical HIL setup. Key challenges such as latency, stability, and model accuracy are discussed, along with future trends in co-simulation, FPGA-based HIL, and AI-enhanced system validation.

Abstract

QR codes, created by a Japanese organization, have been around for more than fifteen years. With the coming of brilliant and Web skilled cell phones, we witness an unfaltering development of fascinating business applications utilizing QR codes. The principle goal of our venture is to give individuals an innovation that can empower them to get data about anything by essentially checking the QR code. The examining brings about acquiring the content data of a specific example and this data is additionally changed over into discourse utilizing particular programming.

Keywords: Quick Response Code (QR) Code, Barcode, Mobile Phone, Text to Speech Converter

Abstract

A cost-effective, automatic Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) booking, leakage detection and real time gas monitoring system is proposed in this paper. In this system, the LPG leakage is detected through the sensor and information is sent to the user by Short Message Service (SMS) and simultaneously alerts the customer using a GSM module, while activating the alarm and exhaust fan. The additional advantage of the system is that it continuously monitors the level of the LPG present in the cylinder using weight sensor and automatically books the cylinder using a GSM module

Keywords: Buzzer, GSM Modem, LPG, Microcontroller, Smart City, Relay Circuit, Weight Sensor

Abstract

This project deals with integrated Automatic control systems for Wiper speed based on rainfall density and Head light Modes .The drivers of most vehicles use high beam while driving at night. This causes a discomfort to the person travelling from opposite direction .The driver experience a sudden glare for short period of time and causes temporary blindness to the person resulting in road accidents during night time .To avoid such incidents, the proposed model automatically switches high beam into low beam thus reducing glare effect by sensing the approaching vehicle using ldr sensor. In order to avoid the problem, the proposed model implements automatic wiper system which detects the rain and its density by using rain sensor and according to the rain density, the wiper speed is automatically controlled as programmed. Gas sensor is used to detect presence of alcohol and if it found entire system will be automatically disabled.

Keywords: Atmega8, Gas sensor, Ldr sensor, Rainfall sensor, Wiper Motor

Authors: Dr. Nikhil S. Patil, Dr. Priya R. Sen

Abstract: Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have emerged as a highly versatile platform for implementing control circuits in applications ranging from robotics to industrial automation. Their parallel processing capabilities,
reconfigurability, and high-speed operation enable precise real-time control beyond the limits of traditional microcontrollers or DSPs. This paper presents a comprehensive study of FPGA-based control circuit design, implementation strategies, optimization techniques, and applications. We discuss architectures, performance metrics, and trade-offs between hardware utilization, speed, and power consumption. Case studies demonstrate FPGA deployment for PID control, motor drive systems, and adaptive control loops. Design challenges such as resource constraints, timing closure, and signal quantization are addressed. The paper concludes with trends in FPGA-
enabled intelligent and reconfigurable control systems.

Keywords: FPGA, Control Circuits, Real-time Control, PID, Hardware Implementation, Parallel Processing, Reconfigurable Logic

Authors: Dr. Ritu P. Sinha, Dr. Anil K. Ghosh

Abstract: Fault-tolerant analog circuits are crucial in critical systems such as aerospace avionics, medical instrumentation, nuclear control, and industrial automation. Analog circuits, unlike digital systems, cannot rely solely on
redundancy and error-correcting codes due to their continuous nature. This paper investigates fault models, detection techniques, and design methodologies for enhancing the reliability of analog circuits. Approaches
such as redundant circuit architectures, self-checking analog blocks, and error compensation are analyzed. Trade-offs between performance, power, area, and reliability are discussed. Simulation studies and practical examples
illustrate design strategies. The paper concludes with an overview of future trends, including adaptive fault-tolerant designs and integration with IoT monitoring.

Keywords: Fault-tolerant circuits, analog reliability, critical systems, redundancy, self-checking circuits, error detection

Authors: R. Mohan, S. Abinaya

Abstract: NULL convention logic (NCL) is a promising design paradigm for constructing low-power robust asynchronous circuits. The conventional NCL paradigm requires pipeline registers for separating two neighboring logic blocks, and those registers can account for up to 35% of the overall power consumption of the NCL circuit. This brief presents the register-less NULL convention logic (RL-NCL) design paradigm, which achieves low power consumption by eliminating pipeline registers, simplifying the control circuit, and supporting fine-grain power gating to mitigate the leakage power of sleeping logic blocks. Compared with the conventional NCL counterpart, the
RL-NCL implementation of an eight-bit five-stage pipelined Kogge-Stone adder can reduce power dissipation by 56.4-72.5% . Moreover, the RL-NCL implementation can reduce the gates count of the adder by 49.5%.

Keywords: Asynchronous circuits, low-power electronics, null convention
logic, power gating

Authors: M.Tamilvanan, S. Suamthi

Abstract: A resource that all living species need is Water. It is therefore very precious and for enhancing agricultural productivity it is the critical input. There for expansion, of irrigation has been a key strategy in the development of
agriculture in country. Today, farmer shaves several issues in agriculture due to lack of rain sand scarcity of water. The main motto of this paper to save time, money and power of farmer with an automatic irrigation system Manual intervention is required for the traditional farmland techniques. Human intervention can be minimized with the automated technology of irrigation. By using soil moisture sensor levels of soil moisture/humidity can be checked.
Whenever there is a change in Humidity /moisture in the soil this sensor senses the change and an interrupt signal is passed to the micro controller and depending on this the irrigation system works. The automated irrigation system provides a web interface to the user so that the user can monitor and control the system remotely i.e., can make the irrigation system ON and OFF remotely.

Keywords: Zigbee, Internet of things, irrigation

Authors: R. Priyanka, S. Archana,

Abstract: In this paper deals with the battery energy storage system used in kayathar wind farm which analyse the variation in voltage using battery in wind farm which leads to implement in plant. Using Digsilent power factory software analysed the voltage variation in wind farm which has only a minimum variation in voltage therefore it can be implemented in kayathar wind farm which helps to store the power and that can be used in peak demand.

Keywords: Kayathar, Wind farm, Battery, Energy storage system

Authors: Dr. Priya R. Menon, Dr. Arjun S. Banerjee

Abstract: The explosive growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has escalated the demand for energy-efficient, miniaturized electronic systems capable of operating at
ultra-low voltages. These devices must perform key sensing, computing, and communication tasks while preserving battery life or scavenging ambient energy. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of design principles, circuit techniques, technology challenges, and future research directions in ultra-low-voltage (ULV) circuit design for IoT devices. Fundamental considerations in transistor threshold voltage scaling, subthreshold operation,
power gating, and energy harvesting integration are discussed. We explore architectural strategies to mitigate leakage and variability. Several comparative studies are presented through tables to illustrate performance
tradeoffs. The paper concludes with a synthesis of emerging trends and recommendations for future research.

Keywords: Ultra-low voltage, IoT, energy harvesting, subthreshold design, power efficiency, circuit techniques

Authors: Dr. Raghavendra S. Kulkarni, Ms. Ananya Bhattacharya

Abstract: Switched-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) are the backbone of modern power electronics due to their efficiency, compactness, and versatility. This paper
presents an in-depth exploration of dynamic modeling techniques for SMPS, emphasizing mathematical formulations, linear and nonlinear system representations, state-space averaging, and frequency-domain analyses. The
goal is to provide researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive reference that covers theoretical foundations, practical modeling strategies, and simulation insights. Tables and figures are used to distill complex
concepts into digestible formats. The paper also discusses control strategies, stability considerations, and design optimization methods. Finally, future research directions and challenges in modeling modern SMPS topologies are
presented.

Keywords: Dynamic modeling, switched-mode power supplies, state-space averaging, small-signal analysis, control design, stability

Authors: Rachel Babu, Sakshi Sharma, Hamsini B R, Abhay Deshpande

Abstract: Communication is the only medium by which we can share our thoughts or convey the message but for a person with disability (deaf and dumb) faces difficulty in communication with normal person. Communication for a person who cannot hear is visual, not auditory. Generally dumb people use sign language for communication but they find difficulty in communicating with others who don’t understand sign language. The main aim of the proposed
project is to develop a cost effective system which can give voice to voiceless person with the help of Smart Gloves. With the help of these gloves disabled person can also get chance to grow in their respective carrier.

Keywords: Smart Gloves, Differently Abled

Authors: Arjun H Y, Madhusudhan S, Sanjay R, Abhay Deshpande

Abstract: Objective of the project is to inform the people against the polluting air and people lose their lives in residential fires. For industrial safety and to detect LPG(2,000ppm), I butane (10,000), propane, methane (1000), smoke, and other few dangerous gases present in the air. This project is cost effective (low cost) and it can be portable easily.

Keywords: Op-Amp, Smoke Detector, Sensor

Authors: Shivani Khamitkar, Pramod Shivgunde

Abstract: “Speech Authenticated Automatic Industry Sway” is a project which is based on voice recognition technique, mainly useful for the industries which deal with flaming retardants. This project gives exact solution to avoiding the
accidents occur due to electric spark like chemical industry where inflammable gas, liquid gas, compressed gas are being used or manufacture. Generation of spark from electric rocker switches is one of the examples, to
avoid generation of sparking speech authenticated switching is the best solution. In this project first step is to delineate the zigbee based speech authenticated kit. Voice recognition kit is interfaced with the microcontroller
(SST 89E51) along with zigbee. This voice recognition kit (NSK98 281114) is firstly trained with a particular voice through microphone. Zigbee(802.15.4) is used as wireless protocol to reduce complicated wired network and make the
circuit much simpler. This system can be implement in existing industry environment without any changes in present infrastructure.

Keywords: Voice Recognition Circuit (NSK98 281114), Microcontroller (SST 89E51),Zigbee(4214A-XBEE2)( IEEE 802.15.4)

Authors: S. Ramesh Babu, K. Deepa

Abstract: The increasing complexity of modern electrical and electronic systems demands analytical methods capable of accurately representing dynamic behavior under varying operating conditions. State-space modeling has emerged as a powerful and systematic approach for analyzing time-domain behavior of electrical circuits, particularly those involving energy storage elements and dynamic interactions. Unlike classical methods based on transfer functions, state-space representation provides a complete description of internal system dynamics using first-order differential equations. This paper presents a comprehensive study of state-space modeling of electrical circuits. Fundamental concepts, mathematical formulation, selection of state variables, and modeling of linear and nonlinear circuits are discussed in detail. The advantages of state-space methods in control-oriented analysis, simulation, and system design are highlighted. Illustrative tables and two-
dimensional figures are included to enhance clarity. The paper emphasizes the importance of state-space modeling as a unifying framework for circuit analysis, control, and modern engineering applications.

Keywords: State-space modeling, electrical circuits, dynamic systems, state variables, time-domain analysis, control systems

Authors: A. Karthikeyan, S. Divya

Abstract: The emergence of smart grids has transformed traditional power systems by incorporating renewable energy sources, advanced metering infrastructure, and bidirectional energy flow. Electrical circuit theory provides a fundamental framework for modeling, simulation, and analysis of smart grids, enabling accurate representation of network components, load behavior, and control devices. This paper presents methods for smart grid modeling using circuit theory, covering both steady-state and dynamic approaches. Various modeling techniques, including equivalent circuits for distribution networks, inverter-based renewable sources, and demand-side management devices, are discussed. Tables and two-dimensional figures illustrate network configurations, voltage/current relationships, and system performance metrics. The paper serves as a guide for researchers and engineers in smart grid analysis and design.

Keywords: Smart grid, electrical circuit theory, distribution network modeling, renewable integration, simulation, power system analysis

Authors: Diksha R. Bhil

Abstract: Electric fences can be used to protect farmhouses, farmlands, forest bungalows, etc from
animals. In a way, these simulate the job of a cowboy or forest guard. Already popular in countries where manpower is expensive, electric fences are slowly becoming popular in India as well. These control the animals by giving them a short, sharp but safe shock that teaches them to stay away from the fence. Thus electric fences are economical and practical solutions to maximize field production through controlled grazing. Electric fencing is safe, as its output is
discrete (not continuous). There is certain time duration between two pulses that prevents prolonged shocking to animals or people. In addition, the short ‘on’-time (normally 1/5000th of a second) prevents heat build-up.

Keywords: GSM, PIR Sensor, LCD display.

Authors: Yogesh S. Jadhav, Anandrao B. Kakade

Abstract: Multimedia sensing in Internet of multimedia things will be implemented as first module. Raspberry pi platform which is based on ARM and which has an inbuilt Broadcom video and graphics core will be used for this module. The Open MAX IL is an API which provide interface
and communication within the components. GStreamer is a framework for developing streaming media applications. GStreamer development framework is used to flow any type of multimedia application. The framework is based on plugins which provide various encoding, decoding and
other functionality. The plugins can be arranged in a pipeline.

Keywords: Raspberry pi, OpenMAX IL, GStreamer

Authors: Anjali Joshi, Anushree Kharwade, Divya Dhiran, Govind Avadhani

Abstract: The abstract is about a concept of a device that would help the blind person locate their misplaced items. Even some of us have experienced it; we tend to keep our keys/bags here and there and end up misplacing them. If it’s difficult to find such items even for people like us
having proper eye sight, we can understand how difficult it would be for a blind person. So, this work is an idea to help them in their day to day lives. This product has two devices, namely transmitter and receiver module; a transmitting device that would stay with them in the form of wrist band or remote and there would be a receiving device attached to the object. The main objective is to make it simple, compact and economical as well.

Keywords: IC HT12E, IC HT12D, RF transmitter, RF receiver, IC L293D.

Authors: Dr. Meera K. Joshi, Dr. Rakesh P. Choudhury

Abstract: Energy harvesting circuits convert ambient energy sources, such as solar, thermal, mechanical, and RF signals, into usable electrical energy. These circuits are pivotal for low-power devices, IoT sensors, wearable electronics, and remote monitoring systems. This paper reviews design principles, energy conversion techniques, power management, and storage integration in energy harvesting systems. Trade-offs between efficiency, size, output voltage regulation, and cost are discussed. Comparative tables illustrate different energy harvesting methods, conversion efficiencies, and applications.
Simulation and practical examples demonstrate design strategies for optimized energy capture and storage. Future trends in multi-source hybrid harvesting and intelligent power management are also explored.

Keywords: Energy harvesting, power management, low-power circuits, renewable energy, energy storage, IoT sensors