Journal of Research in Electrical Circuits and Systems ISSN: 3139-2059 (Online)

Authors: Dr. Priya R. Menon, Dr. Arjun S. Banerjee

Abstract: The explosive growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has escalated the demand for energy-efficient, miniaturized electronic systems capable of operating at
ultra-low voltages. These devices must perform key sensing, computing, and communication tasks while preserving battery life or scavenging ambient energy. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of design principles, circuit techniques, technology challenges, and future research directions in ultra-low-voltage (ULV) circuit design for IoT devices. Fundamental considerations in transistor threshold voltage scaling, subthreshold operation,
power gating, and energy harvesting integration are discussed. We explore architectural strategies to mitigate leakage and variability. Several comparative studies are presented through tables to illustrate performance
tradeoffs. The paper concludes with a synthesis of emerging trends and recommendations for future research.

Keywords: Ultra-low voltage, IoT, energy harvesting, subthreshold design, power efficiency, circuit techniques