Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed modern sensing and automation systems, enabling large-scale data acquisition, remote monitoring, and intelligent control. IoT-enabled sensor networks consist of distributed sensors, processing units, communication modules, and power management circuits. Designing circuits for IoT sensor nodes involves addressing challenges such as low-power operation, miniaturization, wireless communication, reliability, and security. This paper presents a comprehensive review of circuit-level challenges in IoT-enabled sensor networks, covering analog front-ends, microcontrollers, wireless transceivers, energy harvesting, and system integration. Tables summarize key design trade-offs and circuit performance metrics, while a 2D block diagram illustrates a typical IoT sensor node architecture. Future directions include ultra-low-power designs, AI-assisted local processing, and energy-efficient communication strategies.
Keywords: IoT sensor networks, Low-power circuits, Wireless communication, Energy harvesting, Signal conditioning, Microcontrollers,
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