Abstract
Implantable medical devices (IMDs) such as pacemakers, neurostimulators, cochlear implants, and drug delivery systems require highly reliable, miniaturized, and low-power circuits to ensure safe and long-term operation inside the human body. Power efficiency is critical due to limited battery capacity and the difficulty of replacement surgeries. This paper presents a detailed review of low-power circuit design for IMDs, focusing on analog front-ends, low-power amplifiers, signal conditioning, wireless telemetry, power management, and energy harvesting solutions. Tables summarize design trade-offs and performance metrics, and a 2D conceptual block diagram illustrates an integrated implantable medical device architecture. Challenges, including low-noise operation, miniaturization, and biocompatibility, are discussed. Future directions emphasize energy harvesting, ultra-low-power microcontrollers, and AI-assisted adaptive control for next-generation IMDs.
Keywords: Implantable medical devices, Low-power circuits, Energy efficiency, Signal conditioning, Wireless telemetry, Biocompatibility, Energy harvesting
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