Journal of Research in Applied Chemistry

Authors:-Dr Abhay Singh

Abstract:-Biofuels can be derived directly from plants or indirectly from agricultural, commercial, domestic and industrial wastes. The use of waste biomass to generate energy can decrease waste management problems, pollution, greenhouse gases emission and the use of fossil fuels. There is a huge potential for bioenergy obtained from waste to decrease the speed of global warming. Brief summaries of various types of biofuels, generations of biofuels and the basic concepts involved in the thermochemical and biological conversions of biomass fuels are presented in this paper. Various processes such as combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, aerobic composting and fermentation have been discussed.

Authors:-Dattatraya Jirekar, Mazahar Farooqui

Abstract:-Gram seed husk (GSH) reproduced by pulses forming industries has been demonstrated to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of metal ions like Ni (II) from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption techniques were conducted to study the effects of contact time, adsorbent dose , concentration of Ni (II) metal ion solution, and effect of pH of Ni (II) metal ion solution. Pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetics were tested to examine the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption kinetic data were described very well by the pseudo-second-order kinetics. Equilibrium data were more effectively fitted to the both Langmuir and Freundlich model. Adsorption equilibrium was obtained at 60 min. for 5 to 20 mg/L of Ni (II) concentrations. Adsorption of Ni (II) metal ions was fundamentally dependent on pH of solution, and the optimum adsorption of Ni (II) ion was observed at pH 7. The thermodynamic parameters like (ΔG°),  and  indicates that adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. From experimental results, conclude that gram seed husk (GSH) is recommended as least expensive and easily available bio adsorbent to removal of harmful heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater.

Authors:-Prof. Dr. A. Kanni Raj

Abstract:-Cryogenic energy storage systems have a significant potential to add intermittent renewable-energy sources in power grid. Differences in demand and price of peak and off-peak electricity can make its storage of economic interest. Technical parameters such as roundtrip efficiency, energy and power capacity; as well as economic indices such as capital, operating and maintenance costs; are anticipated to have influence on selection of any storage technique. In this paper, thermo-economic models of medium-to-large-scale Liquid-Air Energy Storage is explained, focusing on efficiencies and costs. The model is validated against data taken from an operational pilot plant. Costing effort that includes multiple costing approaches based on the module costing technique is presented, with the overriding aim of conducting a preliminary economic feasibility assessment. The system performance is found to be significantly enhanced through the integration and utilization of waste heat (and cold) streams. In terms of economics on the other hand, system is estimated in this work to have a lower capital cost and a lower leveled storage cost.

Authors: Avinash Thakur¹, Neha R. Deshpande², Sanjay K. Mishra³, Sonu Sinha4, Raju Chaudhary5

Abstract: Light-activated nanostructured materials have attracted significant research attention in recent years due to their ability to respond dynamically to external optical stimuli. These materials combine the unique physicochemical properties of nanoscale systems with light-induced activation mechanisms, enabling precise spatial and temporal control over their functionality. Such control is particularly advantageous for applications in catalysis, environmental remediation, biomedicine, sensing, and energy conversion. This review discusses the fundamental principles governing light–matter interactions at the nanoscale, key classes of light-responsive nanostructured materials, and their synthesis strategies. Emphasis is placed on photothermal, photochemical, and photoelectrochemical activation pathways. Recent advances in applications such as photocatalysis, drug delivery, antimicrobial coatings, and smart surfaces are critically examined. Despite impressive progress, challenges related to material stability, scalability, and long-term performance remain. The review concludes with perspectives on future research directions, highlighting the importance of material design, hybrid systems, and sustainable fabrication approaches.

Keywords: Light-activated materials; nanostructures; photocatalysis; photothermal effect; smart nanomaterials; optically responsive systems

Authors: Aniket R. Kulkarni¹, Pooja S. Rawat², Rahul N. Verma³

Abstract: The increasing complexity of chemical systems and the growing demand for rapid discovery of materials, catalysts, and pharmaceuticals have driven the adoption of high-throughput experimentation (HTE) and automation in chemistry. Traditional experimental workflows are often slow, labor-intensive, and limited in their ability to explore large chemical spaces. In contrast, HTE integrates parallel experimentation, robotics, miniaturization, and data-driven analysis to accelerate discovery while improving reproducibility. Automation further enhances experimental efficiency by reducing human intervention, minimizing errors, and enabling continuous operation. This review discusses the fundamental principles of high-throughput experimentation and laboratory automation, key technologies involved, and their applications across catalysis, materials science, medicinal chemistry, and process optimization. The role of data management, machine learning, and closed-loop autonomous laboratories is also highlighted. Challenges related to cost, data quality, and integration remain significant, but ongoing advancements in hardware and software are steadily addressing these issues. Overall, HTE and automation are reshaping modern chemistry, transforming how experiments are designed, executed, and interpreted.

Authors:-A.Kanni Raj

Abstract:-Cryogenic energy storage (CES) systems are good electricity storage method. In CES systems, excess current is used to liquefy gas. Liquid (cryogen) can be stored in large cryogenic tanks for a long time. Whenever there is demand for electric current, cryogen is warmed by waste heat to obtain gas. Gas so generated is then used to run gas turbine and generate electric current. Most researches are on air-based CES, as air is easily available. CES with other working fluids exhibit higher efficiency. In current modeling work, performance analysis of CES systems was done for different types of cryogens. Finally, it is concluded that CES with methane (natural gas) as the working fluid could exhibit highest efficiency.

Authors:-A. Kanni Raj

Abstract:-Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) improves power grid with renewable intermittent power sources. In CES, off-peak excess electricity liquefies air or natural gas. Cryogen is stored in large dewar tanks for long periods of time. Whenever electricity need is in peak, work is recovered from cryogen by a power cycle using waste heat. Many researchers focus on liquid air energy storage (LAES). But, natural gas is promising working fluid for CES. This paper reviews a natural gas-based CES system, coupled with a high grade cold storage (HGCS) unit. Cold that is stored at a low temperature is used to raise efficiency and hike yield of liquefier. This paper models HGCS unit and compares output with experimental data. Impact of cold recycling is analyzed for liquefier yield and storage efficiency.

Authors:-Jyotsna Lal

Abstract:-Several methods as well as low cost adsorbents have studied for the removal of Nickel a toxic metal ion which has contaminated the ground water of Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh as well as soil of Haryana state. Nickel acts as an enzyme inhibit or in metabolism

Author: Aarav sharma

Abstract: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), often called “forever chemicals,” have emerged as a global environmental concern due to their recalcitrance, persistence, and potential for bioaccumulation. PFAS are widely used in industrial and consumer products because of their unique water- and oil-repellent properties. Yet, these same chemical properties make them resistant to natural degradation, leading to widespread contamination of water, soil, and biota. This review provides a detailed summary of PFAS chemistry, sources of pollution, toxicological concerns, current degradation mechanisms, and remediation technologies. Methods are compared based on effectiveness, limitations, and sustainability. The paper highlights advances in both destructive and non-destructive remediation strategies, including emerging hybrid processes. Challenges related to field implementation and future research directions are discussed. The goal is to provide researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of PFAS treatment options and their realistic prospects in mitigating environmental contamination.

Keywords: PFAS, Forever Chemicals, Degradation, Remediation, Advanced Oxidation, Adsorption, Bioremediation, Electrochemical Treatment.

Author:-Prof (Dr) Nemailal Tarafder

Abstract:-High-visibility clothing is a type of personal protective equipment (PPE) worn that has highly reflective properties or a colour that is easily discernible from any back ground. Occupational wearers of clothing with high-visibility features include railway and highway workers, airport workers or other places where workers are near moving vehicles or in dark areas. The high-visibility colours are yellow, orange or red. For visibility clothing there are defined areas of fluorescent back ground fabrics and retro-reflective materials. High-visibility textiles are fabrics with a colour that is discernible in any environment. Workers’ visibility is enhanced by high colour contrast between clothing and the work environment against which it is seen. High-visibility vest is worn by construction persons, traffic police and road safety persons for their safety. A variety of styles for various end uses for performance textiles are available. Reflective fabrics are exceptional for a variety of outdoor activities.

Author:-Jyotsna Lal

Abstract:- The goal of all water treatment process is to remove existing contaminants in the water, or reduce the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. One such use is returning water that has been used back into the natural environment without adverse ecological impact. The processes involved in treating water for drinking purpose may be solids separation using physical processes such as settling and filtration, and chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation. Biological processes are employed in the treatment of wastewater and these processes may include, for example, aerated lagoons, activated sludge or slow sand filters. Recovery and removal of toxic metal ions is a major problem. Biosorption offers cheap alternative forb developing countries like India. This paper studies the various microorganisms and the mechanism of removal.

Authors:-Keyur D. Bhatt , Ajay L. Desai

Abstract:- In this review devoted to supramolecular chemistry and their molecular assemblies. Review covers applications of calix system, non-covalent interaction, fluorescence sensor, biosensor, nano biosensor. Macrocyclic compounds attracted a lot of attention as with suitable attached groups it behaves as a good aspirant for recognition of many moieties, it’s also highly selective and specific towards bio molecules, anions, cations and neutral substrate.

Authors:-Prof (Dr) Nemailal Tarafder

Abstract:- Artificial turf gained a substantial attention about 54 years back in 1966, when it was installed first in that year in old Astrodome. Astroturf or artificial turf is a surface made of synthetic fibres, which looks similar to a natural grass like surface. These are mostly used in the sports fields but nowadays these are also applied in private lawns. The maintenance of artificial turf grounds are easier because of heavy use on them, they require no irrigation and trimming. It was developed by Monsanto and rebranded as Astro Turf.  It is a generic term in the games and sports fields. It has become a registered trade mark but it is no longer own by Monsanto. The short-pile fibres without infill were the originality of first generation turf materials and it has been replaced by the second generation and third generation turf systems. Artificial ground cleats are the cleats those are made primarily for use on man-made surfaces such as artificial turf or running tracks. Originally it was limited to large sports clubs but common people use these in their lawn or grounds also.  

Author: Sreeremya .S  , M. Flory Shobana

Abstract: Simvastatin is 2, 2 –dimethyl butanoic acid (1S, 3R, 7S, 8S, 8aR) – 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 8a-hexahydro-3, 7-dimethyl-8-[2- [(2R,4R) tetrahydro -4- hydroxyl- 6 -oxo-2H pyran-2- yl]ethyl-1-naphthalenyl ester1,2 can be considered in the category of statins known as cholesterol-lowering lactones which, in 2011- 13, were discovered as being the most broadly and innovatively discovered drug in the universe .This paper deals with the characteristics, structure, use of this drug.

Authors: Bijesh Verma¹, Sruti Pandey², Mehul S. Sharma³, Kavita Nair⁴

Abstract: The growing demand for sustainable chemical processes has accelerated interest in electrocatalytic synthesis as a promising route for producing green chemicals. Unlike conventional thermochemical methods, electrocatalysis operates under mild conditions and enables direct utilization of renewable electricity to drive chemical transformations. This approach offers significant advantages in terms of energy efficiency, selectivity, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Electrocatalytic pathways have been extensively explored for the synthesis of value-added chemicals such as hydrogen, ammonia, carbon monoxide, formic acid, methanol, and hydrogen peroxide, often using abundant feedstocks like water, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. This review discusses the fundamental principles of electrocatalytic synthesis, key electrocatalyst materials, reaction mechanisms, and recent advances in green chemical production. Special emphasis is placed on carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen reduction, and biomass-derived electrosynthesis. Current challenges related to catalyst stability, scalability, and system integration are also addressed. The paper concludes by highlighting future perspectives and the role of electrocatalysis in enabling a low-carbon chemical industry.

Keywords: Electrocatalysis; Green chemicals; CO₂ reduction; Nitrogen reduction; Sustainable synthesis; Renewable electricity

Author:-Nandini R

Abstract:-The interaction of a cationic dye namely, Pinacyanol chloride (Pcyn) with anionic polyelectrolyte, namely, sodium alginate (NaAlg) has been investigated by spectrophotometric technique. The polymer induced metachromasy in the dye resulting in the shift of absorption maxima of the dye towards shorter wavelengths. The stability of the complex formed between Pcyn and NaAlg was determined by spectral studies. The thermodynamic parameters of interaction namely, KC,ï„G, ï„H &ï„S were evaluated. They suggested a weak met achromatic complex was formed between Pcyn-NaAlg .This fact was further confirmed by reversal studies using alcohols, urea, electrolytes & surfactants. The reversal studies helps in the determination of the stability of the complex and the nature of binding.

Author:-Sarika P. Patel

Abstract:-

A straightforward, quick, touchy and particular Liquid Chromatography couple mass spectrometric technique for the evaluation of quetiapine fumarate in human plasma is depicted. Analyte was chromatographed on an excellent essential C18 segment (50×4.6 mm) 3µm [Chromatopack] with isocratic elution at a stream rate of 0.700 ml/moment and Quetiapine-D4 was utilized as the inward standard. The test includes a basic strong stage extraction system of 0.100mL human plasma and the investigation was performed on a triple-quadrupole couple mass spectrometer by MRM mode through electrospray ionization (ESI). The strategy was straight in the focus scope of 1004.176ng/ml - 5.038ng/ml.The inside and between-day exactness and precision of the quality control tests. The recuperation was 1.38 and 1.36 for Quetiapine fumarate and Quetiapine-D4, separately. The investigation time for each example was 2 min. The technique was profoundly reproducible and gave crests with amazing chromatography properties.

Authors: Suresh Sharma¹, Sangita Verma², Anil D. Pawar³, Subham Choudhury⁴

Abstract: The rapid growth of polymer production over the last five decades has transformed modern society, enabling lightweight materials, affordable consumer goods, and advanced technologies. However, this success has also resulted in severe environmental challenges related to plastic waste accumulation, limited recyclability, and dependence on fossil resources. Conventional mechanical recycling suffers from degradation of material properties and limited applicability to mixed or contaminated waste streams. In this context, chemical recycling and polymer upcycling have emerged as promising strategies to close the materials loop by converting waste polymers back into monomers, fuels, or higher-value chemicals. This review paper discusses the fundamental principles, recent developments, and technological challenges associated with chemical recycling and upcycling of polymers. Major chemical recycling routes such as pyrolysis, gasification, solvolysis, and depolymerization are critically reviewed with respect to reaction mechanisms, catalysts, process conditions, and product selectivity. In addition, emerging upcycling approaches that transform plastic waste into functional materials, specialty chemicals, and advanced carbon products are highlighted. Environmental and economic considerations, including life cycle assessment and scalability, are also addressed. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research trends while identifying key knowledge gaps that must be addressed for large-scale implementation of chemical recycling and upcycling technologies.

Keywords: Chemical recycling, polymer waste, plastic upcycling, depolymerization, circular economy

Authors: Rajeev Pratap Singh¹, Sukanya Mahajan², Alock P. Chavan³

Abstract: The rapid growth of renewable energy technologies and portable electronic devices has created an urgent demand for efficient, safe, and high-performance energy storage systems. Advanced energy storage materials play a central role in determining the capacity, efficiency, lifetime, and sustainability of modern storage devices. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in advanced energy storage materials, focusing on lithium-ion batteries, sodium ion batteries, solid-state batteries, supercapacitors, and emerging multivalent and hybrid systems. Special attention is given to electrode materials, electrolytes, interfacial phenomena, and structural design strategies that enhance electrochemical performance. Challenges such as material degradation, safety concerns, resource availability, and environmental impact are also critically discussed. The paper highlights future research directions aimed at developing next-generation storage materials that are cost-effective, environmentally benign, and capable of meeting global energy demands.

Keywords: Energy storage; battery materials; supercapacitors; solid-state electrolytes; electrode materials; sustainable energy 

Authors: V.Mala, S. P. Sakthinathan, G. Vanangamudi, G. Thirunarayanan

Abstract: A series of novel chalcones have been synthesized by SiO2-H2SO4 catalyzed microwave assisted oxidative coupling of ketones and aldehydes under solventfree conditions. The yield of the chalcones has been found to be more than 90%. The purity of all chalcones has been checked using their physical constants and spectral data as published earlier in literature. The spectral frequencies of these chalcones have been correlated withHammett substituent constants, F and R parameters. From the results of statistical analyses the effects of substituent on the group frequencies were discussed.The antimicrobial activities these chalcones have been studied using Bauer-Kirby method.

Authors: Depanker Kulkarni, Radhe Shyam Pandey, Farhan Iqbal

Abstract: Solvents play a central role in chemical synthesis, separation, and processing, yet they account for a major fraction of waste and environmental burden generated by the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Conventional organic solvents are often volatile, toxic, flammable, and derived from non-renewable petrochemical resources. In recent years, the concept of sustainable solvents and green reaction media has gained significant attention as part of the broader framework of green chemistry. Sustainable solvents aim to reduce environmental impact while maintaining or improving reaction efficiency, selectivity, and safety. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles guiding solvent sustainability, classifications of green solvents, and recent developments in alternative reaction media such as water, supercritical fluids, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and bio-based solvents. The advantages and limitations of each solvent class are critically discussed with selected case studies from organic synthesis, catalysis, and industrial processes. In addition, solvent selection guides, life cycle assessment, and regulatory considerations are examined. The review also highlights current challenges, including cost, scalability, toxicity uncertainties, and recycling issues, along with future perspectives toward truly sustainable solvent systems. Although significant progress has been achieved, the transition from traditional solvents to greener alternatives remains an evolving process that requires interdisciplinary collaboration between chemists, engineers, and policymakers.

Keywords: Green chemistry; sustainable solvents; reaction media; bio-based solvents; ionic liquids; deep eutectic solvents

Author: Dhruta R Parikh

Abstract: Clobetasol propionate Samples were diluted with Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate: methanol: acetonitrile (30:20:50). The chromatographic conditions were set, at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min giving retention times of 4 to 8 minutes (at least 1.2 times of retention time of analyte) for Clobetasol propionate. The sample injection volume was 20 µL and the detection was set at a wavelength of 272nm (UV-Vis detector). Validation was carried out using pure standards of Clobetasol propionate to achieve good linearity at a concentration range of between 95% to 105.0% with a detection limit for Clobetasol propionate. The internal standard method reported slight improvement of the confidence limit and the relative standard deviation relative to the external standard method. HPLC method has been used to analyse Clobetasol propionate.