Journal of Embedded Systems & Its Applications ISSN: 3139-2296 (Online)

Authors:S.Shanthini, M. Joe Marshell

Abstract: The main aim of this project is to monitor the leakage of gas which used in households and restaurants to avoid fire accidents providing safety feature for the environment where security has been an important issue. The most common problem experienced in our day- to- day lives that is regarding GAS leakage system. When it comes it to safety of the surrounding as well as gas container we have an MQ-5(gas sensor), which will detect the gases by propane, butane, carbon monoxide ,smoke ,alcohol etc. The system detects the leakage of LPG using gas sensor and When the system detects the LPG concentration in the air exceeds the certain level then it immediately takes action by automatically. Thus here we are using the gas sensor which placed in the leak points, which senses the concentration value of gases such as propane ,butane ,smoke ,alcohol , carbon mono-oxide etc and when the concentration value exceeds the normal value the leakage of gas is detected , and alert system used by buzzer and the automatically open the windows prevent fire accidents. The gas sensor has been used which has high sensitivity to gases like propane and butane. When the concentration of LPG in air exceeds a certain level, the sensor senses the gas leakage and the output of the sensor goes LOW. The detection is done by the gas sensor, through the microcontroller the LED and buzzer are turned ON simultaneously. Using relay DC motor is automatically open the windows.

Keywords: gas sensor (MQ-5) , Microcontroller , buzzer , LPG, Dc Motor , Relay.

Author: V.Saravana , Abhay Deshpande

Abstract:An innovative product with societal acceptance is the one that aids the comfort, convenience and efficiency in everyday life. Shopping at mall is becoming daily activity in various cities. We can see huge rush at malls on holidays and weekends. The rush is even more when there are special offers and discount. People purchase different items in the malls and put them in the trolley. They have to find for the product on the list, queue to pay, at the billing counter. It is a time consuming process. To avoid this, we are developing a system which we called as ‘LIFI Based Automated Smart Trolley Using RFID’. In this system we are using RFID tags instead of barcodes. Each and every product has RFID tag. Whenever the customer puts a product into the trolley, it will get scanned by RFID Reader. The name and cost of the product will be displayed on the LCD. We are using Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology to transfer the data to the main computer. At the billing counter, LIFI receiver will be placed, which will receive the data from the transmitter.

Keywords: Embedded, PIC Controller (PIC 16f877a), RFID tag, RFID Reader, LCD, LIFI transmitter and LIFI receiver

Author: Sagar Rajkumar Somani , P.S. Malge

Abstract: Digital video and secret data sometimes needs to be stored and processed in an encrypted format to maintain security and privacy. Data hiding approach is necessary to perform in these encrypted videos for the purpose of content notation and tampering detection. In this way, data hiding in encrypted domain without decryption preserves the confidentiality of the content. In addition, it is more efficient without decryption followed by data hiding and re-encryption. Here, data hiding directly in the encrypted version of H.264/AVC video stream is approached, which includes the following three parts, i.e., H.264/AVC video encryption, data embedding, and data extraction. By analyzing the property of H.264/AVC codec, the code words of intra prediction modes, the code words of motion vector differences, and the code words of residual coefficients are encrypted with stream ciphers. Then, a data hider may embed additional data in the encrypted domain by using bits replacement technique, without knowing the original video content. Chaos crypto system is used here to encrypt/decrypt secret text data before/after data embedding/extraction. In order to adapt different application scenarios, data extraction is done either in the encrypted domain or in the decrypted domain.

Keywords: Encryption, chaos, bit substitution, secret, decryption

Author: Gargi Singh , Pushpendra Kumar Singh , Anshu , Binu Chaudhary , Gaurav Thakur

Abstract:Recently, digital door locks have been widely used as part of the IoT (Internet of Things). However, the media has reported digital door locks being opened by invalid users to invade homes and offices. In this study, a digital door lock system that can work with the IoT environment is proposed. It is designed and implemented to enhance security and convenience. The proposed system provides strengthened security functions that can transfer recorded images to a user’s mobile device when an invalid user attempts an illegal operation; it can also deliver alarm information to the mobile device when the door lock is physically damaged. The proposed system enables a user to check the access information and remotely operate the door lock to enhance convenience.

Keywords: Internet of Things, Solenoid lock, GSM module.

Author: Ch. Ratna Jyothi , Dr. Y.K. SundaraKrishna , Dr.V.SrinivasaRao

Abstract:Monetary transactions are an integral part of our day to day activities, so currency authentication has become one of the active research areas of late, and it shows a vast potential for different applications. In this paper, we introduce a system to verify the authentication of banknotes’ bench mark dataset using computer vision.We considered 1372 samples of various bank notes in our work. The technology of currency authentication aims to search and extract potential features of paper currency for efficient classification. Features were extracted from images that were taken from genuine and forged banknote-like specimens. They are classified using Artificial Neural network. The variance of Wavelet Transformed image (continuous), skewness of Wavelet Transformed image (continuous), curtosis of Wavelet Transformed image (continuous), entropy of image (continuous) features are extracted from images for accurate classification. Our proposed system authenticates bank notes with zero percent misclassification.

Keywords: Currency Recognition, Artificial Neural Network, Classification, Wavelets

Authors: B.Aruna, K. Shanmuga priya

Abstract: This paper proposes a lossless, image encryption and decryption using LSB algorithm, and combined reversible data hiding schemes for cipher text images encrypted by public key cryptosystems with probabilistic and homomorphic properties. In the lossless scheme, the cipher text pixels are replaced with new values to embed the additional data into several LSB-Planes of cipher text pixels by multi-layer images. Then, the embedded data can be directly extracted from the encrypted domain, and the data embedding operation does not affect the decryption of original plaintext image. In the reversible scheme, a pre-processing is employed to shrink the image histogram before image encryption, so that the modification on encrypted images for data embedding will not cause any pixel oversaturation in plaintext domain. Although a slight distortion is introduced, the embedded data can be extracted and the original image can be recovered from the directly decrypted image. Due to the compatibility between the lossless and reversible schemes, the data embedding operations in the two manners can be simultaneously performed in an encrypted image. With the combined technique, a receiver may extract a part of embedded data before decryption, and extract another part of embedded data before decryption, and extract another part of embedded data and recover the original plaintext image after decryption. The proposed architecture of this paper will be planned to implement in video and also analysis the logic size, area and power consumption using Xilinx 14.2.

Keywords: Reversible data hiding, Data embedding, LSB shifting algorithm

Author: Sangita Wamane

Abstract: The rapid growth of video data leads to an urgent demand for efficient and true content-based browsing and retrieving systems. In response to such needs, various video content analysis schemes using one or a combination of image, audio, and text information in videos have been proposed to parse, index, or abstract massive amount of data text in video is a very compact and accurate clue for video indexing and summarization. Most video text detection and extraction methods hold assumptions on text color, background contrast, and font style. Moreover, few methods can handle multilingual text well since different languages may have quite different appearances. In this paper, an efficient overlay text detection and extraction method is implemented which deals with complex backgrounds. Based on our observation that there exist transient colors between inserted text and its adjacent background. It is robust with respect to font size, style text, color, orientation and noise and can be used in a large variety of application fields such as mobile robot navigation vehicle license detection and recognition, object identification , document retrieving, etc. System is implemented using ARM 7 microcontroller. Extracted text is finally displayed on LCD.

Keywords: Optical character recognition (OCR), overlay text, transition map, video summarization, video information retrieval.

Authors: Ankita Singh , Ramnivas Mishtra

Abstract: Industrial automation and control systems increasingly demand deterministic and reliable communication for real-time operations. Traditional Ethernet networks, though widespread, lack the capability to guarantee bounded latency and time synchronization required in industrial embedded systems. Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) emerges as a solution, providing deterministic networking over standard Ethernet while supporting high-bandwidth and low-latency communication. TSN incorporates mechanisms such as time-aware shaping, frame preemption, and precise time synchronization to meet real-time constraints. This paper presents a comprehensive review of TSN principles, its integration in industrial embedded systems, key protocols, implementation challenges, and potential applications. Additionally, performance evaluations of TSN-based networks are discussed, along with future research directions.

Keywords: Time Sensitive Networking, Real-Time Systems, Industrial Ethernet, Embedded Systems, Deterministic Communication, Network Synchronization, Frame Preemption, QoS.

Software Defined Hardware (SDH) is emerging as a transformative approach for designing reconfigurable embedded systems that can adapt dynamically to varying computational and functional requirements. Unlike traditional fixed hardware systems, SDH leverages software control to define the behavior of underlying hardware, providing flexibility, reduced design costs, and improved system efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive review of SDH, its architecture, reconfiguration techniques, applications in embedded systems, and challenges. We highlight the state-of-the-art implementations in SDH and discuss potential future directions, including integration with edge computing and AI-driven adaptive systems. The study concludes that SDH is a promising paradigm that bridges the gap between software flexibility and hardware performance in embedded applications.

Keywords: Software Defined Hardware, Reconfigurable Embedded Systems, FPGA, Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration, Hardware-Software Co-design, Adaptive Systems, Edge Computing

Authors: Aniket Sharma , Ravinder Jain

Abstract: RISC-V is an emerging open-source instruction set architecture (ISA) that has gained significant traction in the embedded systems domain due to its modularity, simplicity, and extensibility. As embedded workloads become more diverse and performance-constrained, optimizing the RISC-V ISA for such applications is critical to achieving low power consumption, high performance, and area efficiency. This review paper explores the current strategies for RISC-V ISA optimization targeted at embedded workloads. We examine architectural enhancements, instruction set extensions, compiler-level optimizations, and hardware-software co-design approaches. Additionally, we discuss case studies demonstrating energy efficiency improvements and performance gains in real-world embedded applications. Challenges, trade-offs, and future directions are also highlighted, providing a comprehensive reference for researchers and engineers working on RISC-V embedded systems.

Keywords: RISC-V, Embedded Systems, ISA Optimization, Instruction Set Extensions, Low Power, Performance Tuning, Compiler Optimization, Hardware-Software Co-Design 

Authors: Arjun Mishra , Riya Sinha , Mohit Bhardwaj , Sana Ali

Abstract: Smart cities are increasingly becoming an urban development priority in many countries. As city services and infrastructure depend more on digitization, connectivity technologies that can cover large areas with low power and low cost are necessary. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) such as LoRaWAN and NB-IoT have emerged as leading options for smart city applications including environment sensing, utility metering, intelligent transportation, and public safety. However, these technologies still face challenges in scalability, energy efficiency, interference mitigation, quality of service, and network capacity. This paper reviews the state of LPWAN technologies focusing on LoRaWAN and NB-IoT, identifying their strengths and limitations in smart city contexts. We then examine current research on protocol optimization strategies, including adaptive data rate, power control, collision avoidance methods, and resource scheduling. A comparative analysis highlights how optimization techniques can enhance system reliability, increase device lifetime, and reduce operational costs. We also propose a hybrid optimization framework combining best strategies for urban deployments. Finally, the paper discusses open challenges and future research directions necessary for widespread adoption of optimized LPWAN for smart cities.

Keywords LPWAN, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, Smart Cities, Protocol Optimization, Scalability, Energy Efficiency, Network Capacity 

Authors: Sivam S. Jadhav, Mohan V. Kulkarni, Ayesha P. Khan

Abstract: Safety critical embedded systems such as automotive controllers, avionics computers, medical devices and industrial automation units demand extremely fast and deterministic response to external events. Interrupt handling plays a very important role in ensuring that such systems react within strict timing constraints. Any delay in servicing interrupts may lead to system instability, failure or even risk to human life. Therefore, low latency interrupt handling is considered as a core requirement in the design of real-time safety systems. This paper reviews the concepts, challenges and techniques for achieving low interrupt latency in safety critical environments. Architectural aspects, operating system support, hardware prioritization, nested interrupts, cache effects, and compiler optimizations are discussed. Practical design strategies and comparisons are presented with tables and diagrams. The study also highlights the importance of deterministic response, preemption, interrupt vectoring, and real time scheduling.

Keywords: Interrupt latency, safety critical systems, real time systems, deterministic response, embedded systems, ISR optimization, interrupt prioritization.

Authors: Maksudan Seth , Khyali Chaudhary , Verendra Singh , Rajnarayan Tiwari

Abstract: Joint Communication and Sensing (JC&S) represents a transformative paradigm in embedded wireless networks, integrating conventional wireless communication with environmental sensing capabilities. By leveraging the same hardware and spectral resources for both tasks, JC&S systems enhance spectrum efficiency, reduce hardware costs, and enable real-time situational awareness. This review comprehensively discusses the principles, architectures, enabling technologies, and applications of JC&S in embedded systems. Key techniques such as radar-assisted communications, waveform design, and machine learning-based signal processing are explored. Additionally, challenges related to hardware limitations, interference management, and energy efficiency are critically analyzed. Future directions emphasizing intelligent adaptive networks, edge computing integration, and multi-modal sensing are highlighted. The paper also presents comparative tables and figures summarizing current research trends and technological trade-offs.

Keywords: Joint Communication and Sensing, Embedded Wireless Networks, Radar-Assisted Communication, Waveform Design, Spectrum Efficiency, IoT, Edge Computing

Author: Dr. Nemailal Tarafder

Abstract: E-textiles, also known as electronic textiles, smart textiles or smart fabrics, are fabrics that enable digital component and electronics to be embedded in them. In the mid 1950s, a team of MIT researchers, developed integrated digital electronics with conductive fabrics and developed a method for embroidering electronic circuits. E-textiles can be worn in everyday situations where currently available wearable computers would hinder the user. Wearable computer needs to be less fragile and users who wear this thing should be able to do so without the fear of hurting their wearable. In some cases, power sources such as batteries can also be integrated into clothing or fabrics. Electronic textiles are always coupled with the traditional electronics. The flexibility of fabric provides the opportunity to modify the shape for conforming new requirements of applications. A textile transmission line consists of conductive yarns integrated into a flexible textile base. A vast majority of the studies of textile modifications with NANOMATERIALS have been carried out with NANOPARTICLES. California has devised a method of weaving non-volatile computer memory into garments of clothing or e-textile. Electronics and computer peripherals have started coming in market and a stream of electronic items expected to emerge that are soft, compact, flexible and portable.

Keywords: Fibrtronics, Electronic textiles, Wearable computers, Micro bicidal, Anti-viral, Antiporal, Textile substrate

Authors: J. Nagraju, 2K. Naveen

Abstract: This Paper describes the design of complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor - Voltage Controlled Oscillator (CMOS - VCO). Design which is more and simple area efficient method, since the other methods uses complex architectures of Current Starved VCO’S. Generally VCO’S uses more number of Transistors that occupies Larger Area and consumed more power. This Current Starved VCO introduces huge amount of parasitic effect, which is undesirable but it is also unavoidable. Their effect can be minimized by using CMOS Based Ring Oscillator VCO. This is because of the usage of less number of transistors in Ring Oscillator VCO. This Paper involves the designing of VCO using Ring Oscillators. At first, the Inverters are designed. Then, these inverters are replicated to form Ring Oscillator. The Ring Oscillators in this Paper uses Three Stage Inverters. Ring Oscillator VCO consumes less area and less power since they use less number of Transistors compared to Current Starved VCO. Design and Performance Analysis of VCO is done in cadence schematic editor using Cadence Virtuoso 180 nm technology. This approach results in the reduction of Area by minimizing transistors in an operating Frequency of 3.42 GHz with the Power supply of 1.2 Volt. This report includes the results that are obtained during circuit simulation.

Keywords: VCO, CSVCO, Inverter and ring oscillator

Authors: Tanushree Girkar, Sneha Nagar, Prof. H.R. Singh

Abstract: Speed of processor is the biggest issue nowadays. We live in a world where we are moving fast, hence to make our work easy, processors are designed which are getting more and more complex. This paper is about how we can reduce the overall time required for processing the input, For this purpose, we require some sort of mechanism that reduces the number of clock cycles. To this end, pipelining and subpipelinig is used. Generally, bubble pushing is used in pipelining to make the processor more efficient. The instruction sets used by the processor are very simple. The modeling of processor is done using verilog language for digital systems. The simulator used is Xilinx model simulator. Complex models are designed by behavioral modeling. The type of processor used is RISC. The processor is operational for 16 data bit, but it can be modified for 32 bits.

Keywords: Processor Pipelining, 16 bit Processor, Staged Pipelining, Pipelining Hazards

Authors: Senthil Kumar A  , Gnana Saravanan S

Abstract: This paper discusses a novel approach to monitor activities by using a range of remote monitoring technologies and expanding the communication potential of the main monitoring system. Information about the status of the device can be accessed anytime and anywhere, which is very useful in an emergency or when expensive devices or products are damaged, or for preventing unexpected breakdowns in a system which could be expensive or dangerous. Usually, maintenance of a CNC machine is done manually whereas this paper addresses the maintenance and analysis of the machine automatically with the help of a few circuits. The proposed model consists of Arduino Mega to measure the voltage and current from the supply to the machine. It also measures the phase difference as the input is an AC signal. These parameters are used to analyze the power consumption and state of the machine. A WIFI module is used to transmit the data to the computer. The data is then processed through Lab VIEW and then sent to the mobile app through the Wi-Fi module. The mobile app gives periodical information about the current condition of the machine. Also, when a critical condition is detected, the alert is sent through an SMS to the receiver mobile.

Keywords: CNC machine, Arduino Mega, WIFI module, Arduino IDE, LabVIEW, TELNET