Journal of Current Trends in Electrical Engineering ISSN: 3107-4375 (Online)

Author: Rahul Bansode¹, Ashutosh Kamble, Nilesh Neje

Abstract: This article discusses a paradigm that provides an organised technique for designing engineering curricula. The model was created to demonstrate the key influences on curriculum design as well as the relationships between them. Engineering science, the corporate world, the academic environment, and professors and students are all considered as influences. Each of them is detailed, as is their effect on the curriculum, as well as the sources of information on the influences. The CDIO syllabus has been developed as part of the foundation for Bachelor of Engineering degrees at the Technical University of Denmark, implying that the university environment has a significant direct influence on the final electrical engineering curriculum. The resultant Bachelor of Engineering curriculum is given, and its compliance with the curriculum creation approach is reviewed. The key conclusion and advice is that deliberate use of the model provided in the study may structure and enhance curriculum creation, resulting in a well-founded and organised curriculum.

Keywords: Electrical Engineering, CDIO, Programme Development, Curriculum Development

Author: Prof. G. R. Kumrey , Sudhir Malhotra²

Abstract: Electrocution has serious consequences for humans and animals, and can result in death in some cases. Electrocution is one of the most common issues in forest areas and a few agricultural fields. Forest guards were particularly vulnerable to electrocution during the rainy season and due to the invisibility of the condition. Forest guards are electrocuted in the forest due to electrical power lines, and some of them lose their lives by directly touching the electrical lines or when supply lines leak. A device has been developed to detect the electrocution condition, and it is described in detail in this article. This suggested gadget will identify electricity lines and provide a warning signal to the user. The prototype model's functionality has been validated at various work sites where power lines are present.

Keywords: Arduino Nano, Boost converter, Counter IC, signal receiver, battery level indicator, voltage display.

Author: Prof. Saurabh B. Gedam, Utkarsh S. Kadu

Abstract: The study focuses on the establishment of a remote laboratory for electrical engineering personnel and students to get training in the domains of electrical drive and power electronics. The authors have identified new issues in remote education based on an active learning method with self-assessment to assist online knowledge acquisition and professional growth. The idea and technical foundation of the laboratory layout are offered after the literature study and description of the enhanced evaluation technique. Improvements in the tracking of learners' progress and feedback composition have been implemented to bridge the gap between remote study of cutting-edge equipment and other educational activities in electrical engineering. An writing process is given that aids in personalising knowledge acquisition and expanding Web-based possibilities. Self-assessment-based educational management is explored.

Keywords: self-assessment, active learning, distant learning, Advanced training, electrical engineering, remote laboratory

Authors: Dr. Anuja R. Deshmukh, Karthik R. Iyera

Abstract: The growing demand for portable and high-performance electronic devices has placed significant emphasis on reducing power consumption in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits. As transistor sizes shrink and device density increases, power efficiency becomes a primary concern in the design of modern integrated circuits. This paper explores the crucial low-power design techniques implemented in VLSI circuits to enhance power efficiency without compromising performance. It presents a comprehensive discussion on sources of power dissipation, the importance of low-power design in current and future technology, and the various techniques at the circuit, logic, and architectural levels used to mitigate power consumption. The study also addresses the key challenges and potential future directions in low-power VLSI design.

Special attention is given to the integration of machine learning in dynamic power management and the role of 3D ICs in reducing interconnect power losses. The findings of this paper aim to assist designers and researchers in developing sustainable, energy-efficient electronics for the next generation of devices.

Keywords: Low-power design, VLSI, power optimization, CMOS technology, power dissipation, circuit-level techniques, energy-efficient design, leakage power.

Authors:  Paul Schmidt, Gertrud Fischer

Abstract: An electrical energy management system based on service-oriented communication must be designed for an autonomous battery electric vehicle with four-times redundant electrical power supply system. In addition, the electrical energy management system must provide information on the power supply system's internal state. The value of the state of function is presented, which is based on the electrical supply system's self-perception. Using this method, a design for an electrical energy management system is provided that incorporates machine-learning algorithms to meet the expectations for autonomous battery-electric cars. As a result, this article shows innovative techniques for managing electrical energy in autonomous mobility systems.

Keywords: Electric vehicle, Electrical energy, Service-oriented communication architecture (SOA), Electric Power Supply (EPS)

Authors: J.Priyanka, Dr. M. Sreelatha

Abstract: High Voltage Direct Current Transmission (HVDC) is thought to be a superior choice for long-distance transfers in bulk. The rising usage of HVDC is due to its benefits over HVAC systems, particularly its fault stability. A better alternative is to use Voltage Source Controlled– HVDC as one of the infeeds for Multi-Infeed HVDC (MIDC or MI-HVDC) systems. The VSC converter's key benefit is its variable power regulation, which improves the stability of MIDC systems. During faults, the behaviour of an HVDC system is compared to that of an HVAC system in this research. A hybrid HVDC system with an LCC as the rectifier and a VSC converter as the inverter is presented. It is said to be ideal for MIDC systems, particularly for powering a weak AC system. In MATLAB/SIMULINK, the performance of the system under steady- state and transient situations is investigated for all suggested topologies, including HVDC, HVAC, and Hybrid HVDC. A series of simulated case studies are used to assess all of the proposed control measures.

Keywords: HVAC system, HVDC system, MIDC systems, VSC converter, Transmisison

Authors: Gaurav Patil, Harshita Mehta

Abstract: Automation in electrical engineering refers to the employment of a series of devices with automatic detection and control capabilities to provide real-time or remote control, management, and monitoring of the original electrical system. As a consequence, electrical automation technology has a lot of potential in the field of electrical engineering, and it's worth investigating for electrical installation engineering and scientific research departments. In the real manufacturing process, it is vital to optimize the production mode, decrease costs, and maintain the excellent operating performance of electrical equipment. As a result, in the aim of offering a useful reference, this article briefly discusses the application of electrical automation in electrical engineering.

Keywords: Electrical engineering, Electrical automation technology, Network technology, Electrical equipment

Authors: Rahul R. Alat, Prof. Dr. Saurabh S. Jadhao, Vijay S. Karale, Asmita Thakare

Abstract: This project deals with the shunt active power filter to enhance the power quality. The performance of shunt active filter is studied through simulation result. MATLAB is the simulation tool used to study the performance of shunt active power filter. The simulation is carried out for non-linear load. The shunt active filter allows compensating harmonic current, reactive power, unbalanced load and zero sequence currents. Compensating any of the above problems always tends to enhancement of power quality

Keywords: Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF), p-q problems, non linear load.

Author: Kavita Sharma

Abstract: The transformer is a large and costly piece of high-intensity gear. It feeds the heap for 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Occasionally, the situation may arise where the transformer's heap has suddenly risen over its heap. When the load on the transformer is suddenly increased over its calculated limit, the situation may occur. When this happens, the transformer will be overloaded and overheated, causing damage to the transformer's protection and causing supply interference. Working a large number of transformers in parallel is the greatest way to keep a strategic distance from overburdening. It's similar to parallel operation transformers, in which a group of transformers splits the load across the framework. When the heap on the main transformer exceeds its estimated limit, the second transformer will share the heap, according to the proposed technique. Power disappointment is a temporary or long-term loss of electric capacity in an area caused by a short circuit, damage to an electric transmission line, overvoltage, difficulties at power plants, and, most commonly, over-burdening. The potential Losing power has an impact on damage regions. The broadcast quality of conventional power sharing and observation units is one of its inherent flaws. Because you must be physically near the alarm to hear it, you are unlikely to be warned to avoid overburdening. The smaller scale controller-based burden sharing and control framework is a device that manages overload on a generator by sharing power and cutting off supply when power usage exceeds the amount of intensity given.

Keywords: Load sharing, Circuit, Transformer, Power, electric capacity, scale

Authors: Karan Rana, Udit Verma

Abstract: Because of their great thermodynamic efficiency and low heat sink requirements, pyroelectric thermal energy harvesters are a fascinating alternative to thermoelectric devices. Thermoelectric generators create voltage from a spatial temperature gradient using the seebeck effect. Pyroelectricity, on the other hand, may capture the temporal variations of heat energy. The use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy is possible with the non-Olsen cycle technique of pyroelectricity generation. The goal of this research is to investigate the potential of a Lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT-5H) pyroelectric material to collect energy using the Non-Olsen cycle method. The PZT-5H is exposed to solar radiation, and the mechanical setup is used to achieve a periodic temperature change in the material. A revolving chopper disc and a vertical axis wind turbine make up the mechanical arrangement (savonious type). The savonious wind turbine gives mechanical input to the chopper disc, allowing solar irradiation to fall on the PZT-5H material on a periodic basis, resulting in a temperature variation over time. Because the time changing temperature may be obtained from naturally accessible sources like as sun and wind energy, this approach appears to be more cost effective than the Olsen cycle method. Optical concentrators are used to increase sun irradiation in order to optimise production.

Keywords: Pyroelectricity, Seeback effect, Voltage, PZT-5H material, Thermal energy harvesters

Authors: Sonu Kumar, Radha Tyagi

Abstract: Wind energy is one of the most reliable, efficient, and developed renewable sources of energy. The most extensively utilised concept nowadays is a slip ring induction generator (SRIG) based on a wind farm. The dynamic modelling and control of a slip ring induction generator (SRIG) based on wind turbine systems were reviewed and investigated in this study. Many authors and researchers work on various projects and analyses based on the power control of warped grid voltage for slip ring induction generators. The dynamic performance of a doubly fed induction generator is investigated under a variety of operating situations, including stability, grid voltage distortion, and no distortion. This research examines the direct power control (DPC) technique for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind power generation system with and without warped grid voltage. Different literature surveys are also used to look into the harmonic component analysis of the electrical grid.

Keywords: Warped grid voltage, power electronics, DFIG, Slip Ring Induction Generator

Authors: Kuldeep Kumar Swarnkar, Prof. J.N.Rai, Dr. Sulochana Wadhwani

Abstract: This paper proposes a method by which Electrical Faults of 3-Φ Induction Motors can be diagnosed by a Computer Monitoring the Stator Current. A Computer Monitoring Diagnosis based on the proposed methodology was based on the so-called Park's vector approach. The stator current park's vector pattern has been discerning between 'Healthy' and 'Faulty' 3-Φ Induction Motors. The results obtained from the experiment show that current Park's vector pattern of the healthy motor was a perfect circle. In contrast, current Park's vector pattern under faulty condition was elliptical. In this way, the short winding fault of the 3-Φ induction motor can be easily diagnosed by comparing Park's vector representation. This laboratory experiment proves the effectiveness of the park vector in monitoring induction machines with the help of computers.

Keywords: Park’s Vector Approach, Electrical Faults, Faulty condition

Authors: Prashik S. Khobragade, Utkarsh S. Gedam, Arpit R. Brahamne, Saurabh B. Kadu, Chandrakant R. Kakade, Rushikesh Telgote, Prof. Ashish K. Duchakke

Abstract: The smart waste management monitoring system which is proposed here is to implement a smarter way of conventional waste management using smart sensors to gather fill-level data, presence of garbage around the dustbin and stinking condition from containers and garbage bins, and send it to servers in real-time. An authorized phone number that is present in Waste Management Centres gather fill-level and other information sent from multiple containers which are situated throughout a city/locality. The data acquired as above can be used to systematically plan a route map to collect garbage. The information from bins to the authorized number is sent using communicating modules (GSM/GPRS module). The entire operation is controlled using a microcontroller. This report showcases a potential design for an IoT gateway that can be used to provide a framework for a smart waste management monitoring system.

Keywords: Garbage Container, Ultrasonic Sensor, Arduino Board, Bread Board, GSM Module, Jump Wires.

Authors: Dr. Rajeev Narayan, Prof. Anjali Mishra

Abstract: The rapid evolution of wireless communication has transformed the way data is transmitted, processed, and received. This paper explores the latest advancements in next-generation wireless technologies, including 5G, 6G, and beyond. It delves into key developments such as massive MIMO (Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output), millimeter-wave technology, and intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS). The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in optimizing communication networks is also discussed. Furthermore, the paper highlights the significant challenges in achieving ultra-low latency, high spectral efficiency, and seamless connectivity. The future of wireless communication is expected to be shaped by quantum communication, terahertz (THz) communication, and space-based internet services. These innovations aim to revolutionize industries such as healthcare, smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and the Internet of Things (IoT). The paper concludes by providing insights into potential research directions, emphasizing the need for sustainable and energy-efficient communication models.

Keywords: 5G and 6G Networks, Massive MIMO, Artificial Intelligence in Communication, Millimeter-Wave Technology, Internet of Things (IoT)

Authors: Deepanshu, Ramesh, Arvind Rai

Abstract: Multi-phase permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) propose an improved alternative to conventional three-phase PMSMs in faulty conditions. Multi-phase PMSMs have the ability to minimize the number of disturbances in industrial applications. In this study, mathematical models under health and fault conditions of three and five-phase PMSMs are investigated. Moreover, the performance and fault-tolerant capabilities of a five-phase PMSM are studied and compared to a conventional three-phase PMSM. During single and double-phase open-circuit fault conditions of the five-phase PMSM, a solution is offered that maximizes output torque and reduces torque pulsations. Simulation results show superiority of the fivephase PMSM, in addition to sustaining more fault-tolerant capability than the conventional three-phase PMSM. Simulation results are carried out using Matlab/Simulink software.

Keywords: Fault-tolerant control, five-phase open-circuit fault, permanent magnet synchronous machine

Authors: Damini Bhaiyya Chakve, Sakshi Rajendra Khaire, Prof. P. M. Mankar

Abstract: An accurate electrical current transducer is a key component of any power system instrumentation. To measure currents power stations and substations conventionally employ inductive type current transformer with the short circuit capabilities of power system getting larger and the voltage level going higher the conventional current transducer becomes more bulky and costly. It appear that newly emerged MOCT technology provide the
solution for many of the problem by the conventional current transformer. MOCT measure the rotation angle of the planed polarised light caused by the magnetic field and convert it into a signal of few volt proportional to
the magnetic field. Main advantage of an MOCT is that there is no need to break the conductor to enclose the optical path in the current carrying circuit and there is no electromagnetic interference.

Keywords: MOCT technology, Optical Path, Faraday Effect, Power system

Authors: Hamsini B R, Rukmini A G, Suprita P Kulkarni, Sushma S, J N Hemalatha

Abstract: The modern farm tractor makes so many of the meals served in our country possible. So, although increasing productivity and reducing emissions will
require the adoption of new methods, modern farming technology is more than ready to tackle the challenge.

Safer tractor operations and the use of protective equipment could prevent many of the deaths and injuries involving tractors. Owners, managers, and tractor operators all play a major role in making tractor operations safer. Owners have responsibilities for providing a safer environment and safer equipment. Managers coordinate maintenance designed to ensure the safety of equipment, as well as safety policies and programs. The final responsibility for making the operation of tractors safer lies with the tractor operators themselves. It's often only when an incident occurs that people become focused on what might have prevented injury or loss of life.

Making a tractor with good efficiency with optimum cost is a challenge. This can be done only when each component present in an independent hybrid tractor works reliably and these components must have long life. Design and selection of the components thus plays an important role. Our idea of independent-hybrid quarter scale tractor aims to cater the fuel efficiency norm as well as make an efficient system for the farmers to handle their various tasks. With the concept of Combustion engine running on gasoline along with  the electric motor as the secondary source, energy management becomes an integral part of the design.

In a parallel hybrid electric vehicle the single electric motor and the internal combustion engine are installed to deliver power in parallel to drive the wheels. As both the engine and electric motor are connected to the drive shaft through a mechanical coupling, they can propel the vehicle by the engine alone, by the motor alone, or by both together. The electric motor can be used as a generator to charge the energy storage devices (battery or ultracapacitors) by regeneration braking or by extra power from the engine.

As the engine is connected to the wheels via mechanical coupling, it makes this type hybrid quite efficient on the highway. In addition, a parallel hybrid vehicle only needs two propulsion devices – engine and electric motor, which makes the system very compact.

Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), Independent Hybrid Tractor, Internal combustion engine (ICE)

Authors: B Gopala Krishna, M Stephen Jeremiah, K.Satya Ramesh, R Dharmalingam

Abstract: As global automobile industry is developing rapidly there are many changes taking place in the vehicles we use, but electric vehicles are long way to go to
compete with regular IC engine vehicles. In developing nations electric vehicles are still not a good choice for consumers as they are too expensive and also due to their constraints. At present times mostly Li-ion batteries are
used in the EV’s but, Li-ion also has its own limitation. Hence, we are reviewing about the technological status and limitations of various kinds of batteries and electrochemical devices that can be used in EV’s. And also, we are discussing briefly about the future of powering the electric vehicles.

Keywords: Automobile, constraints, limitation, electrochemical.

Authors: Dr. Ramesh Chaturvedi, Prof. Neha Pradhan

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming the electrical engineering landscape by enabling smart monitoring, automation, and data-driven decision-making. IoT devices are increasingly being used in smart grids, home automation, and industrial power systems to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve energy management. This paper explores the role of IoT in electrical systems, including real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and smart energy management. Security and privacy concerns associated with IoT deployment are also discussed. The paper provides case studies demonstrating how IoT applications improve reliability and optimize energy consumption, paving the way for a more connected and intelligent electrical infrastructure.

Keywords: Internet of Things, Smart Grid, Automation, Predictive Maintenance, Energy Management

Authors: Prof. Gopal Reddy.K, Ashwin . M, Dhanyashree. D. M, Kiran. C. S, Darshangowda. M. J

Abstract: In the industrial sector the various motoring loads are continuously running and increasing the inductive load. So the power factor in this system get reduces due to the inductive reactive power. But the electricity board has a
standard limit regarding the power factor values and if the power factor goes below the specified limit the electricity company charges the penalty to the industrial consumers. APFC device reads power factor from line voltage and
line current by determining the delay in the arrival of the current signal with respect to voltage signal from the function generator with high accuracy by using an internal timer. This time values are the calibrated as phase angle and corresponding power factor. Then the values are displayed in Liquid crystal display modules. Then the motherboard calculates the compensation requirement and accordingly switches on different capacitor banks. This is
developed by using AVR microcontroller.

Keywords: Power factor, Penalty, AVR microcontroller, capacitor bank,contactors and current transformer, potential transformer

Authors: P. Rohini Krishna Chaitanya, Dr. P Suresh Babu

Abstract: For potential distributed generation (DG) installed distribution system, a new protection scheme based on adaptive voltage relaying technique is proposed in this paper. The limited-area centralized wide-area protection system is utilized to store relevant line parameters, get the data of online voltage and current and facilitate communication among the Intelligent Electronic Device (IED)s. Based on this, a primary and backup protective relaying scheme with voltage adaptive feature are put forward according to the relationship between pre-and-post fault phase voltage difference and
corresponding phase current. The proposed method was simulated on a radial distributed system with DG installed using PSCAD/MATLAB under various operating conditions of the system and fault types and verified the immunity of the proposed method to the insertion and output variation of
DG. As an extension, it was compared with traditional low voltage protection; the proposed protective relaying the range of protection was extended to a considerable degree.

Keywords: Adaptive voltage protection, Intelligent Electronic Device (IED), distributed generation (DG), primary and backup protectiverelaying

Author: V. Vijitha

Abstract: This proposed model provides an intelligent control of frequency variations in the distribution system due to direct tapping on the line or bypassing the meter. The existing system uses step down cycloconverter or variable frequency drive to step down the fundamental frequency from 50 Hz to 10 Hz of the distribution transformer [1] where no load could work properly
and then distribute the power which thereby causes many fluctuation in frequency. Our proposed system uses matrix cycloconverter which is bidirectional and thus reduces the frequency variations in the line and thus provides a efficient use by the legal consumers. Matrix converter has an
inherent bidirectional energy flow capability and the input power factor can be fully controlled. Hence this system provides an efficient way of proceedings the intelligent controller of electricity theft due to direct hooking’s or tapings on the distribution line. The proposed model has been realized and analyzed in Matlab.

Keywords: Microcontroller, Zero cross detector, Bi directional (fourquadrant),

Author: Prof (Dr) Nemailal Tarafder

Abstract: Special clothing is used by defence for a long past to maintain law and order for acquiring more power by controlling the other nations. Developments in different kinds of equipment and surveillance technologies are promoting innovations in industrial requirements and individual protection and battlefield related systems and structures. Technical textiles offer invaluable
properties for military land forces in particular who are required to move, live, survive and fight against hostile environments. Military uniforms must meet specific protective performance requirements. There has been substantial development and growth in the military textiles sectors after the period of 2ed World War. Material development for desired technical textiles to lower
attrition due to the harsh environment and battle hazards have been possible through R and D works. Through nanotechnology, new personal camouflage systems can be possible that can change patterns and colours as the
environment changes. The fundamental challenge in the development of smart textiles is that drape ability and manufacturing of smart textiles should not be
affected.

Keywords: Piezoelectric fabrics, Functional properties, Crampons, Moisture failure, Thermal shrinkage, Critical requirements

Authors: Dr. Anil Rajput, Prof. Swati Nair

Abstract: With the increasing complexity of electrical circuits, traditional fault detection methods have become inefficient in identifying and rectifying failures. This paper presents a machine learning-based approach for intelligent fault diagnosis in electrical circuits. Various algorithms, including decision trees, support vector machines, and deep neural networks, are employed to classify and predict circuit faults. The research evaluates the effectiveness of these techniques through experimental data and real-time fault detection scenarios. The findings demonstrate that machine learning models significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy, reduce downtime, and improve system reliability.

Keywords: Fault Diagnosis, Machine Learning, Neural Networks, Electrical Circuit Analysis, Predictive Maintenance

Authors: Radhakrishna K. R, Dr. T. Ananthapadmanabha

Abstract: In order to reduce power losses, and to determine  the optimal  location  and the impedance of fault current limiter in distribution  systems  connected with multiple Distributed Generations two parameters are used for detecting islanding conditions voltage unbalance and total harmonic distortion of current. Based on this parameters islanding conditions are detected. A fault current limiter is designed in order to minimize the impact of multiple DGs on the protection system in a distribution system during a fault occurrence. Finally, determining the optimal location and impedance of fault current limiter it is modelled as optimization problem with power loss and economical use as objective function. In this paper, Particle  Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm illustrates for determining the optimal location and impedance of fault current limiter.

Keywords: Voltage Unbalance, fault current limiter, PSO Algorithm, loss reduction