A Collection of Contemporary Research Articles in Electronics, Communication & Computation- Book ISBN- 978-81-948050-7-6

Authors: Pravat Biswas, Chandrima Thakur, Ajit Haldar, Sudipta Chattopadhyay

Abstract: 

In this paper, we have proposed a novel scheme of destination-based jamming in a cooperative relay network where a source communicates with the destination via multiple untrusted half-duplex amplify and forward relays in the absence of a direct link. For this purpose, two novel models have been proposed. We have observed the secrecy performances of the network under possible attack scenarios where eavesdropper may be present as a legitimate node in disguise. We have also developed a simulation testbed to evaluate the secrecy outage probability. Moreover, the secrecy outage probabilities of our proposed schemes have been analyzed with respect to several network parameters such as target secrecy rate; transmit power of the source, jamming power by destination and mean power of the fading channel. This paper gives us a guideline to choose an optimized model from a network with multiple trusted and untrusted relays.

Keywords: Amplify and forward relay, Fading, Jamming, Relay networks, Secrecy outage, Wireless channel.

Authors: Anjali Singh, Brahmjit Singh

Abstract: The exponentially increasing traffic on the road highways is creating safety issues for the vehicles. It is a challenge to make the highways safe and secure against traffic congestion and road accidents, which may happen due to a continuous rise in both traffic density and speed of the vehicles. It is imperative to devise vehicular communication technologies to ensure a reliable and powerful driving support system for the safety and efficiency of road transportation. Vehicular communication technologies are being designed to make early detection of the perilous situation and exchange the information among the vehicles, which may be used for issuing the warnings to the drivers and /or navigational aids. In addition, non-safety applications of vehicular networks are being embedded in the vehicles for the purpose of infotainment and the comfort of the passenger. In this paper, we present a comparative performance evaluation of three technologies- WAVE, WiMAX, and LTE-V2V with the aim to examine their relative strength in a dynamic vehicular environment. The impact of node density, node speed and beacon transmission frequency on the throughput, delay and packet delivery ratio is analyzed. Through numerical results, LTE-V2V is shown to outperform the other two alternatives in terms of throughput and delay.

Keywords: V2V Communication, WAVE, WiMAX, LTE based vehicular network.

Authors: Mrutyunjay Rout, Kilaru Sai Venkata Raaman, Cheerla Ganesh

Abstract: The Vehicle Tracking and Accident Alert system uses GPS and GSM electronic modules to track and send the location information to the vehicle over a mobile phone. It also sends alerts via messages to emergency contacts, Ambulance and police with a detailed location of the accident that occurred on Google map. This system can detect three types of accidents. They are accidents due to external impact on the vehicle, accidents due to the toppling of the vehicle and accidents due to unexpected fires. This project provides real time updates of the vehicle location by sending an SMS of the coordinates through the GSM module. This SMS contains the latitude and longitude of the vehicle coordinates. We are using the Vibration sensor, Accelerometer and Fire sensor is for Accident detection. If an accident occurs, the latitude and longitude of the vehicle are retrieved by Arduino with the help of a GPS module, and then it sends this information to the user in Text SMS using the GSM module. The pre-programmed contacts will receive a text SMS.

Keywords: Vehicle Tracking; Accident Alerts; GPS module; GSM SIM900A module; Vibration sensor (SW-420); Fire Sensor; Accelerometer(ADXL335).

Authors: Ashish Kumar Singh, Prashant Shekhar, Mrutyunjay Rout

Abstract: 

Ad hoc network dynamically demands change in topology. AODV is a reactive efficient protocol with high performance, as in AODV no resources are required when no route is needed. The paper focuses on the analysis of a prominent on demand routing protocol- Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing on basis of QoS metric such as average end to end delay, packet loss, throughput and jitterunder variable bit rate traffic. The graphical analysis is used for increasing the network performance under VBR traffic for different node density.

Keywords: VBR, CBR, AODV, Jitter, Delay, QoS, MANET, Node density.

Authors: Mani Nayan, Aakash Varunendra, Megha Dadel

Abstract: 

The antennas offering dynamic frequency adjustment feature are becoming more promising. In the presented antenna structure, an antenna capable of reconfiguring its frequency dynamically has been designed and analyzed. The microstrip patch antenna consists of two PIN diodes at different positions. The range of frequency is from 24.33 GHz to 27.50 GHz. The presented antenna finds its application in 5G NR mmWave applications, offering extreme data speeds and capacity. The return loss and VSWR values obtained lies in the desired range. The total antenna gains have been simulated using ANSYS HFSS software.

Keywords: Frequency Reconfigurable, Microstrip patch antenna, PIN Diode, FR2, Return            Loss, Gain, ANSYS HFSS

Authors: Ashish Jadhav, Nagashettappa Biradar, Husain Bhaldar, Mahesh Mathpati, Renuka Wadekar

Abstract: 

This article presents a design of a miniaturized antenna for modern wireless communication, which is emerging for the last couple of decades. Advanced wireless applications, such as wearable devices are using Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), Bluetooth, or Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) as the key communication techniques. These communication techniques are operating at the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM radio spectrum) frequency band, 2.4GHz. This frequency band does not need a license and free to use. In this article, the fabricated Triple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna can be used at 2.37, 3.94, and 5.96 GHz frequencies. The proposed antenna is designed, simulated, and fabricated by using multiple slots of different shapes on a single patch, and they are separated by calculated distances. Improvement in Bandwidth, VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), Directivity, Efficiency, and Gain can be achieved by using a microstrip patch antenna. The reflection coefficient of the designed antenna is around -35dB, and VSWR is around 1.03 at 2.37 GHz.

Keywords: Triple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna, Wideband Antennas, Multiband Antennas

Authors: Arpita Ghosh, Priya Rahul

Abstract: 

The paper presents a survey on the roles played by the Electronics and communication field during the pandemic situation worldwide. The vital role of Electronics and communication to deal with the current scenario is unbelievable. It has become the support system of our regular life during this critical phase whether being directly involved in the medical scenario to the regular house hold things. The functioning of the different sectors has been possible because of the support from the Electronics.

Keywords: COVID-19, Pandemic, Artificial Intelligence, IoT, Wireless communications

Authors: Gourav Verma, Yash Bhatnagar

Abstract: WSN nodes are termed wirelessly connected sensor networks which are applied in the tough physical conditions of the environment for assembly and arrangement of data gathered from this open environment. WSN nodes are placed in different and worst atmospheres for the collection of data related to minerals, temperature/heat, sound, wind, water, sunlight, and so on. But since the lifetime of these WSN nodes directly depends on their power supply that is a battery but in these difficult environmental conditions it is a great challenge to replace/recharge their battery manually, so there comes the need for energy harvesting systems which uses the natural energy sources available in an open environment.  In this paper, such energy harvesting techniques are discussed which uses natural energy sources openly available in the environment and the WSN nodes with these energy harvesting models are known as Self powering WSN nodes. The main structure of these self-powering WSN nodes is divided into two parts first is the sensor part and the other part is the energy harvester. These energy harvesters may use one energy source or these might be hybrid which means it uses more than one energy source. In the end of the paper some important conclusions are made based on the comparison on energy harvesting models.

Keywords: WSN Node, Energy Harvesting System, Natural Energy Sources

Authors: Dipak Kumar Lal, Chandrima Thakur, Sudipta Chattopadhyay, Srinjana Nag

Abstract: 

This paper presents a novel scheme of “Radio   Frequency Energy Harvesting†in Three-step Two-way “Decode-and-Forward (DF)†Multi Relay Network. Here, all the relay nodes receive signals from both the source nodes and then the best relay is selected on the basis of maximum overall SNR. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed scheme outraces the contrast scheme with respect to throughput. Furthermore, it has also been shown how the throughput of the system varies with respect to power splitting factor and energy conversion factor for different values of source power and distance between the nodes.

Keywords: DF relay, Energy conversion factor, Multi relay network, Power splitting factor, RF EH, Three-step Two-way, Throughput

 

Authors: Gourav Verma, Yash Bhatnagar

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) node can be described as infrastructure with fewer sensors that are connected wirelessly, forming a network that is used to gather important data/information from a difficult reach environment. These WSN nodes transmit the required data according to the injected queries wirelessly. These WSN nodes are generally applied in many applications, including military surveillance, agriculture, buildings, universities, dams, under the sea, high altitudes, etc. Since some of these areas are difficult to approach and reach, it is difficult to replace or recharge their battery manually, due to which their lifetime suffers, which ultimately causes interruption and unnecessary delay in the research work. So to overcome this issue, the idea of self-powered WSN nodes came into play. The self-powered WSN nodes recharge itself using the natural sources of energy that are openly available in the environment, and the two most commonly available sources of energy are solar and thermal energy. In this paper, some of the energy harvesting models/systems are discussed, which uses thermal and solar energy as the main source of energy in powering the WSN nodes. In this paper, some important conclusions are made by comparing different energy harvesting model.

Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Solar Energy Harvesting, Thermal

Author: Kalyan Paul

Abstract: 

The signal attenuation through rain with various rainfall rates at millimeter wave (30 GHz to 300 GHz) and THz frequency (> 300 GHz) is concentrated in this paper. How to mitigate this rain attenuation is the main objective of this paper. Cellular technology is moving towards its 5th generation (5G) that will employ millimeter wave (mm Wave) frequency and Beyond 5G (B5G) in this THz frequency to meet the requirements of muscular development of interest for high information or data rate communications and swiftly expanding spread of personal communication devices such as smart phones and personal computer. Different atmospheric impairments induce disruption makes this frequency unreliable for short range wireless communication system. Among these impairments, rain attenuation is the most severe one. In this paper various raindrop size distribution model is discussed to calculate the measurement of rain attenuation along with the method of macroscopic diversity is proposed to mitigate this attenuation.

Keywords: Rain attenuation, Millimeter, THz, Raindrop size distribution, M-P distribution, Weibull distribution, Diversity

Authors: Priyanka Singh, Rajoo Pandey

Abstract: 

The transmission capacity of vehicular relay assisted networks coexisting with cellular networks is studied in this paper. The transmission capacity was analysed in both underlay and overlay cases. Vehicle-to-Vehicle networks, cellular users and relay nodes (RNs) are all modelled using poison point process based on stochastic geometry. Then the probability of RN existence and the relay link distance expectation for obtaining the successful transmission probabilities for V2V is calculated. Further, the transmission capacity of V2V communication with relay nodes in both underlay and overlay modes were obtained. Finally, simulation results show that V2V transmission capacity is improved by using relay transmission and influenced by various factors like V2V density, cellular user density, power, V2V link distance, but also the way of using RNs in V2V communications.

Keywords: Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications, D2D communication, Relay transmission, Overlay, Underlay, Transmission capacity.

Authors: Anand Kumar, Prashant Kumar

Abstract: Underwater wireless communication (UWC) has played a vital role in the exploration of aquatic environments such as oceans, rivers, ponds, etc. The acoustics transmission in underwater faces a lot of hurdles such as temperature, pressure, water characteristics environment, and noises variety which makes underwater acoustics (UWA) communication more challenging and unique. UWA channel model is the most challenging task due to its time-varying and multipath spread properties. The main initiatives and contributions of this study provide the current UWA communication survey on channel estimation. The current and previous work is also summarized of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) UWA communication techniques concerning applied theoretically. The summary of current research activities and future trends has been presented.

Keywords: Underwater communication, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), Channel estimation, Channel modeling, Recent trends

Authors: Neel Mani Rangesh, Sanjay Kumar

Abstract: Today the use of wireless communication in our daily life is fast-growing, and it has changed the fundamental characteristics of our communications. Wireless communication has now become one of the most important and suitable in the communication network today. With the rapid development of low-cost devices coupled with advanced capabilities for connectivity, flexibility in deployment and operation and allowing more advanced applications and software to run in the miniature environment, the growth in usage of wireless communication is phenomenal. With the Internet of Things, M2M communications and 5G mobile communication knocking the door of today’s world, there is also a tremendous surge in wireless Radio Frequency – Electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) radiation exposure in our environment, and it is accelerating very fast. The spurt in RF-EMF exposure level is also raising concern over its effects on the living or biological system. Contradictory and confusing research findings are inhibiting the unequivocal conclusion on the real effect of RF-EM radiation on biological systems. This study deliberates over and examines the various research-based on in-vitro, in-vivo, epidemiological and provocation studies on the effect of RF-EM radiation exposure. The study presents data from different studies and analysis done to estimate the biological effects of RF-EM radiation exposure. The findings are inconsistent, and hence interpretation is difficult. However, emphasis is given on identifying the research needs for future studies so that results are more consistent and conclusive.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Fields, Radio Frequency, RF-EM Radiation exposure, Biological effects, 5G mobile communication.

Authors: Rashmi 

Abstract: 

In this work, an aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna fed by substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) has been designed for wireless local area network (WLAN) application. The designed antenna shows an increase in gain, radiation efficiency. The overall performance of the antenna increases when fed by SIW compared with conventional aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna. The radiation efficiency increases by an approx 46%.

Keywords: Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW), Aperture Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA), Feeding methods

Authors: Himansu Bhushan Mohapatra, Mrutyunjay Rout

Abstract: 

Metaheuristic modern optimization techniques are Superior to the traditional optimization techniques to find the global optimization solution. These techniques are verified as efficient for optimization in almost all fields, but still, they have some restrictions in one or another feature. Due to this, more and more research is required to check the algorithms for different problems to verify their suitability for the numerical problem. In this paper, performances of Teaching-Learning-based optimization, Artificial Bee Colony and Differential Evolution algorithms were compared on general benchmark problems. The effect of problem dimensional and control parameters on the performance of the algorithms was verified, and the algorithms were measured in terms of mean, the standard deviation of the fitness function values.

Keywords: Meta-heuristic optimization, teaching-Learning- Based Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony Optimization, Differential Evolution and Benchmark functions

Authors: Dr. Basudeba Behera, Nitish Kumar, Mukesh Ranjan Mahato, Banoth Krishna Prasad, Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Semwal

Abstract: The exponentially increasing traffic on the road highways is creating safety issues for the vehicles. It is a challenge to make the highways safe and secure against traffic congestion and road accidents, which may happen due to a continuous rise in both traffic density and speed of the vehicles. It is imperative to devise vehicular communication technologies to ensure a reliable and powerful driving support system for the safety and efficiency of road transportation. Vehicular communication technologies are being designed to make early detection of the perilous situation and exchange the information among the vehicles, which may be used for issuing the warnings to the drivers and /or navigational aids. In addition, non-safety applications of vehicular networks are being embedded in the vehicles for the purpose of infotainment and the comfort of the passenger. In this paper, we present a comparative performance evaluation of three technologies- WAVE, WiMAX, and LTE-V2V with the aim to examine their relative strength in a dynamic vehicular environment. The impact of node density, node speed and beacon transmission frequency on the throughput, delay and packet delivery ratio is analyzed. Through numerical results, LTE-V2V is shown to outperform the other two alternatives in terms of throughput and delay.

Keywords: Deep Neural Network, Regression, Monsoon Break, Satellite System.

Authors: Priya Rahul, Arpita Ghosh

Abstract: The Internet of Things is one of the ideas that have become increasingly relevant in recent years. It involves connecting things to the Internet in order to retrieve information from them at any time and from anywhere. In the Internet of Things, sensor networks exchange information wirelessly, and in this sense, our paper presents a way in which each classroom control is accessed through Near Field Communication (NFC), and the information is shared via radiofrequency. In our method, we first estimated the devices a classroom consists of (i.e.) fan, light, etc. The smart classroom system that we have designed uses different sensors like DHT11 Temperature and humidity sensor for measuring temperature and humidity of the environment, an LDR sensor module that measures light intensity using a light-dependent resistor and an Ultrasonic distance sensor for counting the number of attendees at the classroom door by measuring object distance based on an ultrasonic sound wave. These sensors are integrated with Raspberry Pi 3 enabled with Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and Ethernet connectivity and the data collected from the sensors are sent to the Ubidots IoT cloud platform via MQTT/HTTP application protocol. In order to fetch data from the cloud and implement the control logic for controlling the appliances in the classroom, Python, a high-level programming language, is used. Finally, outputs of the onboard controller can be activated through events from the cloud, such as sending an email to the given mail Id. In this way, our system will make the classroom better than the existing classrooms that are available.

Keywords: IoT, Raspberry Pi 3, Sensors, Smart classroom.

 

Authors: Bhaskar Roy, Bikas Mondal, Souvik Mukherjee, Supriyo Jana, Priya Choubey

Abstract: In this paper, we have developed a robot that is able to detect the fire in the very initial stage and have the ability to move in front of the fire and spray water to put out the fire. We have also connected buzzer and LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) so that people will get to know about emergency. It will help us to bypass the big accidents that may occur due to fire. This device will be very helpful in various congested areas where human firefighters may not be able to reach, places as a server room, power control room, tunnels, etc. Especially in the disaster-prone area when the human firefighters take too much risk for their rescue mission, if they get this kind of device, they will be able to accomplish their mission smoothly, and quickly maybe they would have saved more lives. In the future, we are planning to set a level indicator in the tank so that it could automatically get to know the water level of the tank, and without our help, it will go back to the base to refill the water tank. It will be very effective.

Keywords: Fire Fighter, Robotics, IR Sensor, Arduino.

Authors: Bikas Mondal, Bhaskar Roy, Supriyo Jana, Souvik Mukherjee, Sayantan Deb

Abstract: The basic idea of the proposed surveillance robot prototype is to respond to the need for an autonomous home security system, not limited to a particular location and accessible from anywhere in the world, which has a mobile network. Today, Home security systems require many expensive components and complex installation processes. Currently the main systems are cable systems. The disadvantage of these cable systems is that they are time consuming and expensive to install. Another drawback is the permanent part of the house where the security system is installed. If the homeowner moves from home, he has no access to the security system. As a result, we are thought of building an infinite range wireless robot that is mobile and capable of controlling the home security and having easy access to it from anywhere in the world. The purpose of the proposed system should be to eliminate the deficiencies of the cabling system. The robots will become a unit that will monitor the house for various dangerous situations and respond to videos through a web interface with an Android application.

Keywords: DTMF Module, Arduino UNO, Motor Driver, DC Motors, IP Webcam, Ivideon.

Authors: Archit Halder, Saurabh Gajanan Bhokare, Dr.Basanta Bhowmik

Abstract: The present study demonstrated the use of various error detection and correction methods that provide a dependable quality of data transmission. Present technological development demands efficient and reliable data transmission systems. During data transmission (from source to destination), the high possibility of erroneous data at the destination (due to the inclusion of noise) is a general phenomenon. Keeping in mind such obstacle present paper addressed one technique to expound the digital design conversion of the Viterbi decoder. The decoder efficaciously exploits the Viterbi algorithm as well as carries out digital design conversion of (2, 1, 4) Convolution Encoder with a constraint length of L=5 and code rate of ½. The design has been verified employing Verilog hardware description language (HDL). Further, synthesis followed by simulation was carried out using XILINX ISE 14.5 simulator.

Keywords: (2,1,4) Convolutional Encoder, Viterbi Decoder, Viterbi algorithm and Trellis structure.