Journal of Research in Microbiology and Immunology ISSN: 3108-0952 (Online)

Authors : Dr. K. Latha, Jyoti Aggarwal

Abstract: This article addresses the many health issues and advantages of folic acid supplementation for both the mother and the foetus throughout the periconceptional phase. It highlights not only the well-known neural tube defects exacerbated by folic acid deficiency, but also other periconceptional benefits such as prevention of megaloblastic anaemia, peripheral neuropathy in the mother, and congenital abnormalities such as orofacial defects and cardiovascular disorders in the foetus. The vast variety of advantages given by folic acid supplementation during the important periconceptional phase raises the need of its awareness for females of reproductive age.

Keyword: folic acid, cardiovascular risks, periconceptional period, congenital abnormalities, megaloblastic anaemia

Authors : Rupesh Saxsena, Vijay Pratap

Abstract: Deficiency of Vitamin A is one of the particular nutrients that have a negative effect on health. Vitamin-A insufficiency is regarded as the most manageable public health issue in India, and Vitamin-A Deficiency (VAD) is the most frequent condition observed in Indian slums and among many rural youngsters. VAD is the primary cause of avoidable childhood blindness in children and it significantly raises juvenile mortality rates in association with particular illnesses such as diarrhoea and measles. Every year, approximately 25,000 youngsters in India become blind. The primary causes and risk factors include incorrect absorption caused by worm infestation, poor cultural practises, and financial limitations. Protein energy malnutrition is closely related to Vitamin-A insufficiency, therefore these children need extra Vitamin-A treatment in addition to routine Prophylaxis of Vitamin-A supplementation. The storage of vitamin A in the liver is regarded as the gold standard of vitamin A storage. Night blindness and Bitot's spot are early symptoms of Vitamin-A insufficiency. Keratomalacia is another serious medical issue. Vitamin-A deficiency may be avoided by supplementing with 100000 IU from nine months of age, followed by 200000 IU every six months until the child is five years old. Furthermore, dietary diversity, fortification, and the encouragement of breast feeding may all help to avoid the particular deficit. India has a large population of young children and it is critical to avoid the particular deficit by concentrating on system strengthening, as this would allow us to recover the sight of early children and fully eliminate the “Dark adaptation” from our nation.

Keyword: dark adaptation, Vitamin-A, Vitamin –A Deficiency, VAD, Nutrition

Authors : Dr. S. Sreeremya

Abstract: Plant as a sustainable bioresource has a major role to play in medical and pharmaceutical field. The assessment of plant from phenome to genome level can holistically understand the various dynamics of a potential plant. Inteferons are such potential protein source which has the ability to fight virus and boost the human immune system, if administered in a right path.

Keywords: Sustainable, Bioresource, Plant, Inteferons, Human immune system

Authors : Dr. Neha Kapoor, Arjun Desai

Abstract : Rapidly mutating viruses, including influenza, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2, pose substantial challenges to vaccine development due to their high genetic variability and frequent antigenic changes. Traditional vaccine platforms often fail to provide long-lasting protection, as viral mutations alter surface proteins, diminishing immune recognition. This paper reviews modern approaches to designing vaccines capable of countering rapidly evolving viruses. Focus is placed on mRNA-based vaccines, viral vectors, protein subunit vaccines, epitope-based strategies, and computational modeling of viral evolution. Emphasis is also placed on universal vaccine approaches, AI driven antigen prediction, and adaptive vaccine platforms that can respond promptly to emerging variants. By understanding viral mutation mechanisms and host immune adaptability, innovative vaccination strategies can be developed to provide durable, broad-spectrum protection against rapidly mutating pathogens.

Keywords: Vaccine development, viral mutation, mRNA vaccine, antigenic drift, immune response, universal vaccine, viral evolution

Authors:  Dr. Anjali Verma, Rohit Sharma

Abstract: Pathogen infections can profoundly influence the adaptive immune system by altering T-cell and B-cell functions, modulating cytokine profiles, and reshaping memory responses. This paper reviews the mechanisms through which bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections induce adaptive immune modulation. A focus is given to immune evasion strategies, T-cell exhaustion, antibody interference, and epigenetic regulation of lymphocyte function. A table summarizing infections, affected adaptive immune components, and the corresponding mechanisms is included. Understanding these interactions is crucial for designing immunotherapies, vaccines, and interventions to restore immune competence in infected individuals.

Keywords: Adaptive immunity, T-cell modulation, B-cell responses, infection, immune evasion, cytokine modulation, immune memory, immunotherapy

Authors : Dr. Kavita Sharma, Aditya Rao

Abstract: Host defense peptides (HDPs), also known as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are crucial components of the innate immune system that provide broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which HDPs disrupt microbial membranes, modulate host immune responses, and contribute to infection control. Structural diversity, classification, and functional roles of HDPs are discussed. A table summarizing key HDPs, their sources, and antimicrobial targets is included. Understanding HDPs is pivotal for developing novel therapeutic approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance and improve host defense strategies.

Keywords: Host defense peptides, antimicrobial peptides, innate immunity, membrane disruption, immunomodulation, therapeutic potential, broad spectrum activity, antimicrobial resistance

Authors : Dr. Neha Sharma, Rohan Mehta

Abstract: Mycobacteria, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), have evolved sophisticated immune evasion strategies that enable persistence within host macrophages and granulomatous tissues. This paper reviews the molecular and cellular mechanisms employed by mycobacteria to subvert innate and adaptive immune responses, including inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion, modulation of antigen presentation, and manipulation of host cytokine signaling. A table summarizing key evasion strategies and their biological consequences is provided. The implications of these strategies for chronic infection, disease progression, and vaccine development are discussed. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for designing targeted therapeutics and improving the efficacy of tuberculosis control measures.

Keywords: Mycobacteria, immune evasion, phagosome-lysosome fusion, antigen presentation, cytokine modulation, tuberculosis, chronic infection

Authors: Dr. Ananya Rao, Vikram Singh

Abstract :Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens, relying on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect conserved microbial structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of PRRs that recognize diverse PAMPs and initiate signaling cascades leading to inflammatory and antiviral responses. This paper examines the structural and functional aspects of TLRs, their ligand specificity, and downstream signaling mechanisms, including the MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways. The role of TLRs in modulating innate and adaptive immunity, as well as their implications in infectious, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases, is discussed. A table summarizing key TLRs, ligands, and associated immune responses is included to highlight their clinical relevance. Understanding TLR-mediated recognition provides valuable insights into therapeutic strategies for immunomodulation, vaccine adjuvant design, and treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions.

Keywords: Toll-like receptors, innate immunity, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, MyD88, TRIF, inflammatory response, immune modulation

Authors : Geetanjali Yadav, Rajesh Yadav

Abstract :Interactomics: It is a discipline at the intersection of bioinformatics and biology that deals with studying both the interactions and the consequences of those interactions between and among proteins, and other molecules within a cell. This paper deals with various innovative techniques implemented in biology science with the influence of interactomes.

Keyword: Interactome, Biology, Interaction, Proteins, Molecules

Authors: Dr. Kavita Singh, Rahul Verma

Abstract: Fungal pathogens pose a significant threat to human health, especially in immunocompromised individuals. This paper reviews the molecular mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity, including adhesion, biofilm formation, enzyme secretion, and evasion of host immune responses. The role of host defense mechanisms, such as innate immunity via pattern recognition receptors, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and adaptive immunity involving T and B cells, is discussed. A table summarizing fungal virulence factors and corresponding host defense strategies is included. Understanding these mechanisms is critical for developing effective antifungal therapies, vaccines, and immunomodulatory interventions.

Keywords: Fungal pathogenicity, virulence factors, host defense, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, biofilm, antifungal strategies

Authors : Dr. Neha Sharma, Rahul Verma

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global health crisis threatening the efficacy of life-saving treatments. Clinical pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have developed multiple resistance mechanisms that compromise antibiotic therapy. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of emerging antimicrobial resistance mechanisms including enzymatic degradation, efflux pump activation, reduced membrane permeability, and target site modifications. Special attention is given to mobile genetic elements, horizontal gene transfer, and biofilm-mediated resistance, which accelerate the dissemination of resistance determinants. Understanding these mechanisms is vital to designing innovative therapeutic strategies and formulating robust antimicrobial stewardship programs to mitigate the rising threat of AMR.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Resistance, Efflux Pumps, Biofilms, Enzymatic Degradation, Clinical Pathogens

Authors : Arti Chouhan

Abstract: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a syndrome characterized by episodes of vertigo, which last for approximately 1–70 seconds, are related to sporadic changes in head position, particularly movements related to gravity and those involving neck extension (eg. lying down in bed, reaching up for high objects, bending over) and may be associated with nausea and vomiting, which can last for up to several hours. This paper deals with reviewing several assessments and evaluations about BPPV.

Keyword: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), Changes, Head position, Nausea

Authors: Dr. S. Sreeremya

Abstract: A fungus called Cordycep (Ophiocordyceps species) it infect the ants. The fungus has the predominant capability to destroy the whole ant community. This cordycep (Ophiocordyceps species) fungi act as a pathogen to ant community. This paper describes the pathogenicity of cordycep (Ophiocordyceps species) fungi.

Keywords: Cordycep (Ophiocordyceps species), fungi, ants, pathogen destroy

Authors : Dr. Priya Mehta, Raghav Varma

Abstract : Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix, which confer enhanced resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune defenses. Biofilm formation is a key factor in the persistence of chronic infections such as cystic fibrosis associated lung infections, chronic wounds, urinary tract infections, and implant-related infections. This paper examines the molecular mechanisms underlying biofilm development, including attachment, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion. The role of quorum sensing, extracellular polymeric substances, and stress response pathways in chronic infection persistence is emphasized. Additionally, the paper explores clinical implications, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections. Understanding the dynamics of biofilm formation is crucial for developing innovative interventions to prevent and treat chronic bacterial infections.

Keywords: Biofilm formation, chronic infections, quorum sensing, extracellular polymeric substances, antimicrobial resistance, persistent infections, biofilm disruption

Authors : Dr. Aditi Sharma, Rohan Mehta

Abstract: Host–pathogen interactions in viral infections involve a complex interplay between viral invasion strategies and host immune defenses. Understanding this dynamic relationship provides critical insight into how viruses exploit host cellular mechanisms while evading immune surveillance. Viruses manipulate host signaling pathways, gene expression, and immune responses to establish infection and ensure replication. This paper explores the molecular basis of viral entry, immune recognition, evasion mechanisms, and host response pathways. Emphasis is placed on the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), cytokine signaling, and adaptive immunity. Recent research advances have unveiled intricate molecular tactics employed by viruses to persist within host systems. By elucidating these interactions, new antiviral strategies and vaccine designs can be developed to enhance host protection against emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens.

Keywords: Host–pathogen interaction, viral infection, immune response, cytokines, viral evasion, molecular signaling, adaptive immunity

Authors : Dr. Aarav Mehta, Shreya Kapoor

Abstract :Cytokine storms, characterized by an excessive and dysregulated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, are central to the pathogenesis of severe infectious diseases including influenza, COVID-19, and Ebola. This review explores the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cytokine storms, highlighting the key roles of innate immune cells, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and signaling pathways such as NF-κB and JAK-STAT. The paper examines clinical manifestations, including multi-organ dysfunction and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and evaluates current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. A table summarizing critical cytokines involved and their biological effects is provided. Understanding cytokine storm mechanisms is essential for designing targeted immunomodulatory therapies and improving patient outcomes in severe infectious diseases.

Keywords: Cytokine storm, severe infections, NF-κB, JAK-STAT, inflammatory response, immunomodulation, multi-organ dysfunction

Authors : Dr. Priya Menon, Rahul Verma

Abstract: Autoimmune diseases arise when the immune system mounts a response against self-antigens. Cross-reactivity and molecular mimicry are critical mechanisms through which infections or environmental triggers provoke autoimmune responses. This paper reviews the molecular basis of cross reactivity, its contribution to autoimmunity, and clinical examples where molecular mimicry leads to disease. A table summarizing notable pathogens, self-antigens, and associated autoimmune disorders is provided. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing preventive strategies, diagnostics, and therapeutics to mitigate autoimmune disease progression.

Keywords: Autoimmunity, cross-reactivity, molecular mimicry, self-antigens, autoimmune diseases, immune tolerance, pathogen-induced autoimmunity

Authors : Dr. Ritu Sharma, Arun Verma

Abstract: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins form a sophisticated adaptive immune mechanism in bacteria and archaea, providing them with resistance against invading genetic elements such as bacteriophages and plasmids. Over the past decade, this microbial defense system has revolutionized molecular biology through its adaptation as a programmable genome-editing tool. The CRISPR Cas system enables precise, efficient, and cost-effective manipulation of DNA sequences in organisms ranging from microbes to humans. This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms underlying bacterial CRISPR immunity, the classification of CRISPR-Cas systems, their transformation into biotechnological tools, and ethical implications. By bridging microbial defense and genetic innovation, CRISPR has become one of the most transformative discoveries in modern biosciences.

Keywords: CRISPR-Cas system, bacterial immunity, Cas9, gene editing, adaptive defense, biotechnology, genome engineering