Journal of Research in Microbiology and Immunology ISSN: 3108-0952 (Online)

Authors : Dr. Neha Kapoor, Arjun Desai

Abstract : Rapidly mutating viruses, including influenza, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2, pose substantial challenges to vaccine development due to their high genetic variability and frequent antigenic changes. Traditional vaccine platforms often fail to provide long-lasting protection, as viral mutations alter surface proteins, diminishing immune recognition. This paper reviews modern approaches to designing vaccines capable of countering rapidly evolving viruses. Focus is placed on mRNA-based vaccines, viral vectors, protein subunit vaccines, epitope-based strategies, and computational modeling of viral evolution. Emphasis is also placed on universal vaccine approaches, AI driven antigen prediction, and adaptive vaccine platforms that can respond promptly to emerging variants. By understanding viral mutation mechanisms and host immune adaptability, innovative vaccination strategies can be developed to provide durable, broad-spectrum protection against rapidly mutating pathogens.

Keywords: Vaccine development, viral mutation, mRNA vaccine, antigenic drift, immune response, universal vaccine, viral evolution