Smart Innovations and Constructions- Book- ISBN- 978-81-953658-0-7

Authors:- Ayushi Jain, Suhasini Kulkarni

Abstract Traffic congestion problems are common in all urban areas in India. Mode choice plays a very important role in the four-stage travel demand modelling in the transportation planning process. It affects the efficiency of the commuters' travel within the city. Various socioeconomic, land, travel factors are responsible for the mode choice selection. This paper reviews the various researches carried out to define the mode choice of the people living in various cities of India and Abroad. This paper specifically gives attention to various models like Multinomial Logit Model, Neural network model and software such as Statistical Data Processing Software (SPSS) are used in the analysis and the modelling process. Parameters such as age, gender, income, Travel Time, Travel Cost, Travel distance plays a vital role in deciding the mode choice of the commuters.

Keywords: - Mode choice, Transportation planning, Travel Behaviour, Multinomial Logit Model, Mode Choice Modelling

Authors:-Yash Rane, Suhasini Kulkarni

Abstract :-With the increasing population, traffic congestion has become one of the major issues in India. Traffic congestion causes two major issues. First, it increases fuel consumption and emissions, which leads to pollution, and secondly, it increases road accidents which lead to loss of precious human life and damages property. To reduce congestion, identification of congestion measuring metrics, proper land-use patterns and traffic management are three major factors. This paper reviews different congestion metrics used to measure traffic congestion and traffic management measure used to reduce congestion. A systematic review is carried out, and the strength and weaknesses of these measures are discussed.

Keywords: - Traffic Congestion, Traffic management, Congestion measurement

Keywords: - Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Finite Element (FE) Modelling And Analysis, Column Axial Load Capacity, ABAQUS

Authors:- Gaurav A. Vishroliya, Hardik Solanki

Abstract The formation of a microcrack in concrete is common, which leads to costly maintenance. The concrete needs to be repaired. Bio-mimicry techniques give favourable results in sealing micro-crack & heal this crack in the concrete. To overcome these situations, self-healing techniques are adopted. By the adding of lime producing bacteria along with calcium lactate result in calcite precipitation in concrete. Sealing work explores the use of Super Absorbent Polymer in concrete with proper mix design. Various properties, including the viscosity, the curing time, the swelling capacity and cross-linking efficiency, has been evaluated. A continuous hydration process in concrete can seal up the freshly formed microcrack. Bacteria bacillus subtilis which can produce lime, is added to the healing agent to seal the freshly formed micro-cracks by CaCo3 precipitation. The increase of durability, compressive strength and reduction of permeability in concrete is attained. The ability to heal and seal the cracks in concrete was observed. Maintaining pH under favourable conditions, the permeability of concrete, crack healing capacity of concrete was observed.

Keywords: - bio-mimicry, self-healing, super absorbent polymer, bacillus subtilis, calcium lactate, sodium polyacrylate;

Authors:- Alontxa Ambreen Christian, Sanket Bagadia, Nisarg Desai

Abstract :-Nowadays, all the world's cities face congestion problems throughout the day, especially during peak hours. This study consists of analysing the traffic characteristics such as volume count, spot speed of the vehicles to find out the travel time index of the road corridor. Various software such as VISSIM, geo tracker, VISUM etc., has been used to find out further the LOS, delay and travel time of the road corridor. After analysing the problems caused by the congestion, mitigation measures are given in various researches that could help regulate the traffic and reduce the causes of congestion.

Keywords: - Congestion, CBD area, Travel time index, Delay, Level of service

Author:-Amrit Pal Singh

Abstract :-The parametric study of the tower testing high mast is carried out in different ways. High mast mainly governs under high conductor tensions due to testing and wind action on an exposed area. These high mast towers are generally used at tower testing stations to test the working towers, transmission line towers and poles. Two masts are present to test a tower, one of them is Longitudinal Mast, and the other is Transverse Mast. These masts have 'n' numbers of columns and beams according to the size of tower beds, the height of towers/poles, conductor tension force and angle of pull. In the study, the tower model is fixed in line with geometry and wind force applied to the exposed area of the mast and conductor tension force with different loading points and locations on the horizontal beams of the high mast. The analysis is done using "STAAD.pro V8i SS5" software. The tower height is taken as 112m in the studywith two main beams at 60m and 110m level (bottom of steel) in elevation. The different type of bracing pattern is used to equalise the structural behaviour. The basic parameters which are studied using nonlinear static analysis are the Beam Axial Forces (Compression and Tension), Deflection&Support Reactions of the Mast tower, and it is ensured that the structural members are utilising their full strength to resume and resist the torsion, bucking effects and uniformly distributes force behaviour.

The wind force is computed with IS875: part-III, in which different categories factors are used according to mast height, locations and other ones. The analysis and design of the tower are done with IS: 802  part-2. The applications of the mast towers are at each testing station for testing 132kV to 1200kV gantry, transmission line towers, steel poles and for reviewing the same.

Keywords: - Mast tower, Stresses, Deflection, Structural Behavior

Authors:- Christina Alex, Ashish Meeruty

Abstract :-Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a diagnostic approach used to assess modern structures, which involve monitoring a structure to detect changes in its structural state. Smart materials play a crucial role in the development of functionality. These materials can sense the surroundings and detect the changes thereof and respond to external stimuli. The application of smart materials allows a better understanding of the structure's conditions, leads to cost-effective infrastructure management, and improves structure lifespan and public safety. This paper presents an innovative smart material using Mechanoluminescence (ML) material as a smart sensor to detect damage in structures that emits light when subjected to external mechanical action. ML materials have great potential in applications to stress sensing techniques, damage sensors, and safety management monitoring systems. The characteristics and potential applications of ML in the field of structural health monitoring are discussed. The research achievements of various well known mechanoluminescent materials for a better understanding of ML phenomena are also reviewed. At present, the development of ML material has been initiated by many researchers as a diagnostic method, and it has to be applied to real social infrastructure.

Keywords: - Structural Health Monitoring, smart material, Mechanoluminescence material, sensor

Authors:- Alay Vashi, Hardik Solanki

Abstract :-A building is the first structure, entering one's mind as soon as one thinks of civil engineering. The building not only provides housing for the occupants but also protects them from many natural disasters. Preventing all the forces that cause such incidents is a requirement for the design of the building. But designing a building requires a lot of processes.

In a typical building, there are many columns at ground level to support the structure.  Thanks to this Column, the system is safe, but there is some problem with space due to any column number. It takes up more space and issues in the parking lot and another service area. Due to the need for large service spaces, the mono column structure of the building may help to solve the problem. With the use of a mono column building system, a lot of space will be available on the earth's surface, and it will contribute to betterconstruction.

Keywords: - Mono-column structure, Multi-storey building, E-tabs, Composite material, Floating column

Authors:- Pradhyuman Bhaliya, Devang A. Shah

Abstract :-Nowadays, a requirement of fast construction technology and modular construction is the future of the construction industry. In India, the population below the poverty line was 21.9% due to this total housing shortage of 24.71 million dwelling units for 67.4 million households, where 98% of this shortage was in the low income and economically weaker sections (EWS) segment. Further, a need for warehouses to store agricultural products and 40% of agriculture products get waste due to a lack of proper handling and storage infrastructure.  As we all know, plastic is a big enemy of the environment. Further CO₂ production during the manufacturing of cement is a major challenge for the environment. The study stated that one tonne of cement produces 1.25tonnes of CO₂.After considering all these problems for reducing pollution and fast construction, we propose using gypsum and recycled plastic to produce ideal sized modular unit and check its strength and economy criteria.

Keywords: - Modular construction, Agricultural products, Gypsum, Plastic, Steel curls, Coconut shell fibre

Authors:- Kuldeep Patel, Snehansu Nath

Abstract :- The bridge is a crucial aspect for transportation in marine and land. The safety of the bridge is crucial for the safety of humans. Local scouring affects the safety of the bridge structure immensely. Scour depth estimation is done by the years-old method such as the Lacey-Inglis method in India, which only yields effective results for coarse sand. Codes provide overestimated depth for scouring, which increases the cost of construction. This review paper studies various methods to effectively estimate the scour depth. Scour monitoring is also a necessary aspect, and this paper studies various monitoring devices which can be used according to different sites and economic conditions. The most important condition is to minimize the scouring, and devices used to reduce scouring are classified in the paper. Scour monitoring and reduction, if done effectively, increases the bridge's life span and hence increases the safety of life.

Keywords: - Scouring, Bridge, Lacey-Inglis method, Scour depth, Sensor, Sonar, Fibre Bragg grating, Countermeasure, Slot, Collar, Riprap, Guiding vanes

Authors:- Arun kumar L Patel, Anuja Tidke, Mohammed Shakil S. Malek

Abstract :-The construction industry is the second largest industry after agriculture. This paper presents a study in the construction industry to improve safety performance. This study was conducted by conducting a questionnaire survey among the contractors and labour of various construction projects. This paper aims to illustrate the safety performance of low and medium-size projects in private sectors in general through observation. Our study focuses on creating awareness about safety for workers to minimise accidents and public safety aspects related to Construction sites like worker personal protective equipment (PPE's), machinery, excavation, height and fall Protection. The findings globally suggest a severe need to improve the safety of labours in the construction industry.

Keywords: - Construction, safety, Hazardous.

Authors:- Rahul Parmar, Snehansu Nath

Abstract :-Scouring of the river bed material surrounding the bridge pier is a major cause of the failure of the pier. So many researchers have been done on scour depth estimation, but not so much focus is addressed to find the countermeasures. Countermeasures can be used to either strengthen the river bed or to alter the current around the pier. Scour monitoring is a crucial aspect to minimise scouring. The paper studies different methods to monitor scouring. The review focuses on one of the countermeasures to reduce the scouring slot. The scouring varies according to change in the shape, dimension, and position of the slot. Scour monitoring devices can be different according to the site condition.

Keywords: - Bridge, Pier, Slot, River bed, Flow, Countermeasures, Scour, Electrical Conductivity

 

Authors:- Saloni A. Hirpara, Devang A. Shah

Abstract :-The decreasing labour shortage is the biggest challenge in the construction industry. For sustainable construction work, proper labour availability is a must. On the other hand, poor labour welfare also influences the labour shortage. PF & ESI are the facilities awarded to the labourers for their better livelihood in their old age. But unfortunately, these do not make much difference. This study mainly focuses on the various aspects, factors, or parameters that greatly impact labour shortage, labour welfare, and PF and ESI for labourers.

Keywords: - Labor shortage, Labour welfare, PF & ESI

Authors:- Mohammed Asif Belim, Hardik Kharva

Abstract :-Recently, the utilisation of FRP composites is one of the advanced procedures for repairing, strengthening, or retrofitting the existing structures to resist the higher loads and rectify the damage issues. This paper displays the experimental investigation of the use of unidirectional Basalt fibre, Aramid fibre and Kevlar fibre wrapping to strengthen the beam-column joints, which are the critical regions of the structures. Twenty-seven interior beam-column joints were cast for this study and were named virgin specimens.

These specimens were tested up to failure point. The damaged specimens were rehabilitated using nine different wrapping configurations, including both single and hybrid wrapping. For each type of wrapping configuration, three specimens were tested. This study is just limited to static loading. The effect of the different wrapping techniques has been concentrated on. The performance of the Rehabilitated specimens concerning load-carrying capacity at first crack and Ultimate deflection is compared with that of virgin specimens.

Keywords: - FRP (Fibre Reinforced Plastic), Basalt fibre, Aramid fibre, Kevlar fibre, Beam-Column joints, Hybrid wrapping

Authors:- Mrittika Chakraborty, Prince Rathod

Abstract :-Slope stability analysis is a rapidly developing area of study in geotechnical engineering as it has gained importance after some major slope failure catastrophe. Providing a slope that is economical and safe is a great concern in the construction industry. A slope is considered stable if the forces available to resist the movement are greater than the force driving the movement. A number of slope failures in recent years call for slope analysis and possible preventive measures.

The paper aims to provide an overview of the research work carried out, which focuses on the factors affecting the slope stability like sudden seepage pressure, erosion, tectonic activities, etc., mechanism of the slope failure e, numerical analysis. Also, the paper aims to review the common methods to mitigate the failure.

Keywords: - Slope Stability, Slope failure, Preventive measures

Authors:- Jayesh Bagthariya, Anuja Tidke, Mohammedshakil S. Malek

Abstract :-Construction projects are becoming increasingly common in developing countries. The need for rapid infrastructure development has resulted in the design and implementation of large scope and size projects in terms of complexity and costs. Time and cost are the lifelines of every project in the construction industry. The project managers and other project professionals aim to control the time and cost and ensure that the projects finish on time without any time overrun and without any cost overruns, with perfect management principles to complete the project. In this context, a qualitative research study has been undertaken in this work, to analyse the reasons for time and cost overrun in construction projects. It is most important to study, analyses and evaluate the causes and effects of the common factors leading to the cost and time overruns constraints and suggest the best and suitable mitigation measures to overcome time and cost overrun constraints.

Keywords: - Time overrun, Cost overrun, Delay factors, Cost overrun Factors, Construction Projects

Authors:- Devang A Shah, Harshal Patel, Keyur Ajudiya

Abstract :- Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is now being hailed as a foundation for integrating organisation-wide information systems. ERP systems link the entire organisation’s operations together, such as accounting, finance, human resources, manufacturing and distribution, etc. Moreover, they also connect the organisation to its customers and suppliers through the different stages of the product or the process life cycle. There are very few studies conducted about implementing ERP systems in the construction industry, particularly for construction contractors. The focus so far has been on client organisations, engineering and design firms. This paper aims to investigate the suitability and implementation status of ERP systems in contractor firms. The methodology employed is a mix of literature review, market studies and detailed questionnaire survey. It is found that the majority of contractor firms have awareness about the ERP systems, but very few organisations have so far implemented such systems. The major reason is that the implementation of any ERP system needs huge investment in time, money and resources. However, when implemented to solve the right problems, these ERP systems can be a powerful tool for business improvement.

Keywords: - ERP software, ERP system, ERP feature