Removal and Treatment of Emerging Contaminants (PFAS & Micropollutants)

Abstract

Emerging contaminants such as Per? and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and various micropollutants represent a rapidly growing concern for environmental and human health. These pollutants are widely detected in wastewater, surface waters, and drinking water sources, often at trace levels but with significant ecological and toxicological effects. Traditional water and wastewater treatment technologies usually fail to remove these contaminants efficiently due to their complex chemical properties, persistence, and resistance to degradation. This review paper provides a detailed examination of the sources, characteristics, occurrence, and adverse effects of PFAS and micropollutants, followed by a comprehensive review of their removal and treatment methods. Special focus has been given to recent advancements in physical, chemical, and biological treatment technologies including adsorption, advanced oxidation processes, membrane technologies, and biodegradation. The paper discusses advantages, limitations, and future research needs for effective management of emerging contaminants. Tables and figures are used to explain treatment efficiencies and operational parameters. The challenges and prospects for integrated treatment strategies are outlined. This paper aims to provide guiding frameworks for researchers, regulators, and practitioners working in water treatment disciplines.

 KEYWORDS: Emerging contaminants; PFAS; micropollutants; water treatment; adsorption; advanced oxidation; biodegradation; membrane filtration.