Advanced Electrochemical Sensors for in Situ Environmental Monitoring of Emerging Contaminants

Abstract

Emerging contaminants—including pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, and per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)—pose complex challenges in water quality management. This study presents the design and field validation of next generation electrochemical sensors that exploit nanostructured conductive polymers doped with two dimensional transition metal carbides (MXenes). Layer by layer assembly yields highly porous films exhibiting rapid electron transfer kinetics (exchange current densities up to 4.8?mA?cm?²) and selective binding sites for structurally diverse analytes. Detection limits reach sub ppt levels, surpassing current EPA guidelines for PFAS. Integrated microfluidic modules enable autonomous sampling at flow rates as low as 300?µL?min?¹, while Bluetooth enabled data acquisition supports real time cloud analytics. Field trials conducted across four river basins and two wastewater treatment effluents over six months correlate sensor outputs with LC MS benchmarks (R²?=?0.97). Sensor resilience to biofouling and pH drift is achieved through in situ electrochemical cleaning cycles, extending operational lifespan beyond 2?000 continuous hours. The platform bridges analytical chemistry and IoT technologies, creating a versatile tool for regulatory enforcement and community driven water stewardship.

Keywords: Electrochemical sensing, Emerging pollutants, MXene nanocomposites Real time monitoring Water quality