Rehabilitation Strategies for Patients with Diabetes-Related Musculoskeletal and Neurological Complications

Abstract

ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is associated with a wide range of musculoskeletal and neurological complications that impair function, mobility and quality of life. Rehabilitation, and physiotherapy in particular, plays an important role in managing these complications, yet the available strategies are often underused. This review synthesises current evidence on rehabilitation strategies for diabetes-related musculoskeletal and neurological complications. It examines musculoskeletal conditions such as adhesive capsulitis, limited joint mobility and diabetic foot problems, and neurological complications including peripheral and autonomic neuropathy and associated balance impairment. The literature indicates that targeted rehabilitation, including joint mobilisation, stretching and strengthening for musculoskeletal complications, and balance, sensorimotor and gait training for neurological complications, improves function, mobility and balance and reduces fall risk, while exercise therapy additionally supports glycaemic control. The review emphasises the importance of an individualised, multidisciplinary approach incorporating foot care and patient education. It concludes that rehabilitation is a valuable, evidence supported component of diabetes care, and highlights the need for greater integration, standardisation and research to optimise outcomes.

KEYWORDS: Diabetes Mellitus, Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Peripheral Neuropathy, Musculoskeletal Complications, Balance Training, Diabetic Foot, Exercise Therapy