ABSTRACT
The rapid integration of renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy into modern power grids has significantly reduced the overall system inertia. Traditional power systems relied on large synchronous generators whose rotating masses inherently provided inertia to resist frequency deviations. However, renewable generation interfaced through power electronic converters contributes little or no physical inertia. This reduction in inertia leads to faster frequency changes, instability risks, and new operational challenges for grid operators. This paper reviews the concept of low-inertia power systems, explains the impact of high renewable penetration on system dynamics, and discusses modeling techniques and control strategies to maintain stability. Methods such as synthetic inertia, grid-forming inverters, advanced control schemes, and energy storage integration are explored. The paper also highlights challenges in protection, forecasting, and policy considerations. Tables and illustrative figures are included for clarity.
KEYWORDS: Low inertia, renewable energy integration, frequency stability, synthetic inertia, grid-forming inverter, power electronics, energy storage.
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