ABSTRACT
The rapid growth of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, and energy storage units, has transformed the traditional centralized power system paradigm. DERs provide localized generation, enhance energy efficiency, and support sustainable development. However, their integration into the grid introduces challenges related to voltage regulation, frequency stability, power quality, and protection coordination. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the technical, economic, and regulatory aspects of DER integration. The paper examines control strategies, grid codes, communication frameworks, and energy management approaches necessary for smooth operation of DERs. The study also highlights emerging trends, including smart grids, microgrids, and vehicle to-grid technologies, which facilitate DER integration. Practical insights and case studies illustrate how DERs can support grid resilience and renewable energy penetration without compromising stability.
KEYWORDS: Distributed energy resources, grid integration, smart grids, microgrids, renewable energy, energy storage, power quality, DER control
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