Abstract
Bidirectional DC–DC converters plays an important role in modern power electronic systems where energy flow must be controlled in two directions. These converters are widely used in energy storage systems, electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy integration, and smart grids. In EVs, they interface the battery with the DC bus and support regenerative braking, while in energy storage systems they helps in charging and discharging operations with high efficiency. This paper presents a detailed review of bidirectional DC–DC converter topologies, control strategies, design challenges, and their applications in EV and energy storage systems. Various isolated and non isolated configurations are discussed with comparison. Modulation and control techniques are also explained for efficient energy transfer. Tables and figures are provided for better understanding of working and performance parameters.
Keywords: Bidirectional converters, EV powertrain, energy storage, DC bus, regenerative braking, isolated converters, battery interface.
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