Abstract
Battery Management System (BMS) is one of the most critical subsystem in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage applications. With rapid growth of lithium-ion batteries, the role of power electronics inside BMS has increased very much. Earlier BMS was mainly monitoring unit, but now it includes advanced power electronic circuits for cell balancing, protection, estimation, communication and charging control. This paper presents a detailed review on development of power electronics used in modern BMS. It discusses architecture, cell balancing methods, voltage and current sensing circuits, isolation, protection devices, DC–DC converters, and communication interfaces. Different active and passive balancing topologies are compared. The paper also focuses on challenges in high voltage battery packs, thermal issues and future trends such as smart BMS and AI integration. Tables and figures are provided for better understanding of BMS hardware design.
Keywords: Battery Management System, Power Electronics, Cell Balancing, DC DC Converter, EV Battery, Protection Circuits, Active Balancing.
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