ABSTRACT
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are renowned for high efficiency, power density, and excellent dynamic response, making them ideal for applications ranging from electric vehicles (EVs) to industrial automation. Traditional control of PMSMs requires rotor position and speed feedback via sensors; however, such sensors add cost, complexity, and may reduce reliability in harsh environments. Sensorless control techniques eliminate the physical rotor position or speed sensors, providing benefits in cost reduction, increased reliability, and simpler mechanical design. This paper presents a comprehensive review of sensorless control methods for PMSMs, including back–EMF-based, high-frequency signal injection, observer–based, model reference adaptive systems (MRAS), sliding mode observers, and advanced machine learning approaches. Comparative performance metrics, stability considerations, practical implementation issues, and experimental validation scenarios are discussed. Tables and 2D figures are provided to synthesize key results and aid clarity. The paper concludes with insights into future research directions for enhanced sensorless techniques and their integration into real world applications.
KEYWORDS: Sensorless control, PMSM, observers, back–EMF, high frequency injection, MRAS, stability, performance.
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