Journal of Pathology, Communicable Diseases and Preventive Medicines

Authors: Bhatt Kruti Nileshbhai¹, Dr. Jitendra Patel², Dr. U.M. Upadhyay

Abstract: Multiparticulate drug delivery system is increasing desire effect over single unit dosages forms because of their potential benefits. Multiparticulate systems provide predictable gastric emptying, no risk of dose dumping, flexible release pattern and increased bioavailability with less inter and Intra subject variability. The aim of this review is to provide the main multiparticulate pulsatile delivery system, for which the swelling and rupturing and changed permeability of the coating membrane is primarily involved in the control of release. Ulcerative colitis is the chronic relapsing multifactorial gastrointestinal inflammatory bowel disease, which is characterized by bloody diarrhea, bowel dysfunction, anaemia.  The main aim is to overcome ulcerative colitis is appropriate local targeting and drug-related side-effects. To overcome these problems, microparticulate systems seems to be a promising approach for controlled and sustained drug release after oral administration, with this drug delivery system increasing immense importance for the local targeting drug to the colon at a controlled and sustained rate. Prior to the development of any system, due consideration must be given to the physiological changes that occur in the disease state that might affect the performance of such a system. In spite of such physiological constraints to drug delivery to the colon, several colon-targeted formulations have been successfully commercialized in US and European markets. Few of the commercialized products are listed in Table 1. Several reviews have been published reporting the research that has gone into the development of perorally delivered single unit colon targeted drug delivery systems (24-30). In general, four primary approaches have been proposed for colon targeted delivery, namely prodrugs, pH-dependent system, time-dependent systems and colonic microflora activated systems (27). A brief summary of some of the colon targeted formulations based on the above mentioned conventional approaches is given in Table 2. Single unit colon targeted drug delivery system may suffer from the disadvantage of unintentional disintegration of the formulation due to manufacturing deficiency or unusual gastric physiology that may lead to drastically compromised systemic drug bioavailability or loss of local therapeutic action in the colon. Recently, much emphasis is being laid on the development of multiparticulate dosage forms in comparison to single-unit systems because of their potential benefits like increased bioavailability, reduced risk of systemic toxicity, reduced risk of local irritation and predictable gastric emptying (31). Multiparticulate approaches tried for colonic delivery include includes formulations in the form of pellets, granules, microparticles and nanoparticles. The use of multiparticulate drug delivery systems in preference to single unit dosage forms for colon targeting purposes dates back to 1985 when Hardy and co-workers (32) showed that multiparticulate systems enabled the drug to reach the colon quickly and were retained in the ascending colon for a relatively long period of time. Because of their smaller particle size as compared to single unit dosage forms, these systems are capable of passing through the GI tract easily, leading to less inter-and intra-subject variability. Moreover, multiparticulate systems tend to be more uniformly dispersed in the GI tract and also ensure more uniform drug absorption (33-35).

Authors: Yuvrajsinh Solanki, Preetu Shukla, Dr. U. M. Upadhyay

Abstract: Cirrhosis is defined as the histological development of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrous bands in response to chronic liver injury, which leads to portal hypertension and end stage liver diseases. Recent advances in the understanding of the natural history and pathophysiology of cirrhosis, and in treatment of its complications, have resulted in improved management, quality of life and life expectancy of patients. Liver transplantation remains the only curative options for selected group of patients, but pharmacological treatments that can halt progression to decomposed cirrhosis or even reverse cirrhosis are currently being developed. This review focuses on the history, causes, sign & symptoms, diagnosis, complications, and management of cirrhosis and new clinical and scientific developments.

Keywords: Liver Cirrhosis, Pathogenesis, Cytokine, Fibrosis, Etiology, HVPG, Endoscopy.

Authors: Ramandeep Saini, N.S. Gill¹, Yash Prashar Manoj Kumar Katual, Gurfateh Singh,S. L. Harikumar

Abstract: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2(SARS-CoV-2). The disease was first identified in 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China, and has since spread globally, resulting in the 2019–20 corona virus pandemic. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Other symptoms may include muscle pain, sputum production, diarrhoea, sore throat, and loss of smell and taste. While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to pneumonia and multi-organ failure. As of 25 March 2020, the overall rate of deaths per number of diagnosed cases is 4.5 percent, but it in fact ranges from 0.2 percent to 15 percent according to age group and other health problems. The virus is typically spread during close contact and via respiratory droplets produced when people cough or sneeze. Respiratory droplets may be produced during breathing but it is not considered airborne. It may also spread when one touches a contaminated surface and then their face. It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear. The virus can live on surfaces up to 72 hours. Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between two and fourteen days, with an average of five days. The standard method of diagnosis is by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab. The infection can also be diagnosed from a combination of symptoms, risk factors and a chest CT scan showing features of pneumonia. Recommended measures to prevent infection include frequent hand washing, social distancing (maintaining physical distance from others, especially from those with symptoms), covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or inner elbow, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. The use of masks is recommended by some national health authorities for those who suspect they have the virus and their caregivers, but not for the general public, although simple cloth masks may be used by those who desire them. There is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment forCOVID-19. Management involves treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2019–20 corona virus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Local transmission of the disease has been recorded in many countries across all six WHO regions.

Keywords: Covid- 19, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), WHO, SARS-CoV-2, Pathogenic disease

Authors: Dr. Kavita Nair, Mr. Arjun Patel

ABSTRACT: Pharmacovigilance (PV) serves as an essential component of global healthcare systems, ensuring the continuous monitoring of medicines after their approval and use in real-world populations. With the widespread consumption of pharmaceuticals, the risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) presents a major concern for patient safety and public health. PV provides an organized framework for identifying, evaluating, and preventing drug-related risks. This paper analyzes the multifaceted role of pharmacovigilance in ensuring drug safety by highlighting its regulatory, clinical, and technological dimensions. The discussion further explores the involvement of healthcare professionals, the active participation of patients, the application of digital innovations, and the challenges of underreporting and resource limitations. By emphasizing current practices and future perspectives, the paper underscores how PV systems safeguard public health, reinforce patient trust, and promote rational drug use across healthcare sectors.

KEYWORDS: Pharmacovigilance, Drug Safety, Adverse Drug Reactions, Patient Safety, Healthcare Professionals, Digital Health, Risk Management

Authors: Dr. Neha Sharma, Mr. Rahul Verma

ABSTRACT: Biologics and biosimilars have emerged as transformative therapeutic agents with high efficacy for chronic and complex diseases. Due to their structural complexity, immunogenicity, and potential for unexpected adverse drug reactions (ADRs), pharmacovigilance is critical for ensuring their safe use. This paper reviews current strategies in post-marketing surveillance of biologics and biosimilars, focusing on regulatory frameworks, reporting systems, and integration of real-world evidence. Tables summarize pharmacovigilance components, reporting methodologies, and global implementation examples. Challenges such as underreporting, immunogenicity monitoring, and data heterogeneity are discussed. Future directions include enhanced use of artificial intelligence for signal detection, harmonization of international safety standards, and capacity-building for healthcare professionals. The study emphasizes that robust pharmacovigilance practices are essential for patient safety and therapeutic effectiveness in biologics and biosimilars.

KEYWORDS: Pharmacovigilance, Biologics, Biosimilars, Adverse Drug Reactions, Risk Management, EMA, FDA, PvPI

Authors: Dr. Riya Kapoor, Mr. Arjun Mehra

ABSTRACT: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool in pharmacovigilance, enhancing the detection, assessment, and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This paper provides a comprehensive review of AI applications in pharmacovigilance, including machine learning, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. Key advantages of AI integration, such as accelerated signal detection, improved data quality, and real-time monitoring, are discussed. Comparative insights from global regulatory frameworks, including the US FDA, European Medicines Agency (EMA), and India’s Pharmacovigilance Programme (PvPI), are presented. Challenges in AI adoption, including data standardization, model validation, and regulatory compliance, are also addressed. Tables summarizing AI methodologies, their applications, and regulatory perspectives provide practical guidance for stakeholders. Emphasis is placed on the need for ethical frameworks, transparency, and human oversight to ensure the safe and effective implementation of AI in pharmacovigilance.

KEYWORDS: Artificial Intelligence, Pharmacovigilance, Machine Learning, Signal Detection, FDA, EMA, PvPI, Adverse Drug Reactions

Authors: Dr. S. Sreeremya

Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii is the Gram-negative bacillus that is aerobic, pleomorphic and non-motile. An opportunistic pathogen, A. baumannii has the high incidence among immunocompromised individuals, particularly those who have experienced the prolonged (> 90 d) hospital stay. Commonly allied with aquatic environments, it has been shown to colonize the skin as well as being isolated in very high numbers from the respiratory and oropharynx secretions of infected individuals. So this paper discusses the various aspects of Acinetobacter baumannii

Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, bacilli, immunocompromised, skin, colonize

Authors: Dr. S. Sreeremya

Abstract: Dust is a polluting agent which causes major pulmonary disorders which initially starts from coughing to chronic clinical conditions.  It can cause eye infections too. This paper discusses the mode of infections manifested by dust as allergen.

Keywords: Polluting agent, Dust, eye infections, pulmonary disorders, clinical

Authors: Dr. Anjali Mehra, Mr. Rohan Deshpande

ABSTRACT: Post-marketing surveillance (PMS) plays a vital role in monitoring the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceuticals after their introduction to the market. Despite rigorous preclinical and clinical trials, rare or long-term adverse effects may only become evident once medicines are used in larger and more diverse populations. PMS ensures timely identification, reporting, and mitigation of risks associated with drug usage. This paper examines the role of PMS in enhancing drug safety, explores the tools and methodologies employed, and highlights challenges and opportunities for improving pharmacovigilance systems globally and in India. Emphasis is placed on regulatory frameworks, data collection systems, patient participation, and technological integration for better decision-making in public health.

KEYWORDS: Post-Marketing Surveillance, Pharmacovigilance, Drug Safety, Adverse Drug Reactions, Regulatory Frameworks, Public Health

Authors: S. Sreeremya

Abstract: Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a chronic Complication of lumbar spinal disorders; it results from compression of the nerve roots of the cauda equina. The purpose of this work  was to assess the clinical usefulness of a classification scheme of CES based on certain factors including clinical symptoms, imaging signs, and electrophysiological findings.

Keywords: Cauda equina syndrome (CES), symptoms, signs, lumbar, spinal disorders

Author: Sreeremya. S

Abstract: The field of RNA biology is now advancing sporadically. Hammer head ribozyme motif has a great role to play in RNA biology. This was first isolated from viruses. They are used o cleave other RNA molecules; can be vastly used in genetic manipulations. This paper garners the information regarding the functions, unique properties of Hammer head ribozymes.

Keywords: Virus, hammer head ribozymes, RNA biology, Functions

Authors: Sreeremya .S

Abstract: There are so many contagious diseases affecting in camels. There are several contagious infections like pox, staphylococcal infection, enteric infections etc. Jhooling is one among them. In this paper the pathogen city and disease which mostly affects the camels are discussed.

Keywords: Contagious disease, camels, pox, Jhooling, pathogen city

Author: Sreeremya. S

Abstract: Infectious mononucleosis, or "mono" for short, is a viral illness that is common in teens and young adults. Although several viruses can cause mono, 92% of cases are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). By middle adulthood, 95% of Americans have antibodies against EBV and thus have been infected at some point. This paper provides information regarding the clinical manifestation of Infectious mononucleosis (Kissing disease).

Keywords: Infectious mononucleosis, Kissing disease, EBV, Clinical manifestation