Authors: Aseem Setia, Ghanshyam Das Gupta
Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) devices are increasingly used in smart homes, healthcare, agriculture, and industrial monitoring. These devices often operate on battery power for long periods, sometimes in remote or hard-to-reach locations. Therefore, designing low-power embedded systems has become a critical requirement in IoT development. Low power consumption not only increases battery life but also reduces maintenance cost and improves sustainability. This paper reviews various techniques, components, and architectural strategies used for low-power embedded system design in IoT devices. It discusses microcontroller selection, sleep modes, communication protocols, energy harvesting, software optimization, and power management strategies. The paper also provides tables and diagrams for better understanding of design approaches. The aim is to provide an overview of how engineers can design energy-efficient IoT nodes without compromising performance.
Keywords: Low power design, Embedded systems, IoT devices, Power management, Energy efficiency, Sleep modes, Microcontrollers, Energy harvesting
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