Authors: Upender Dhawan, Arjun Kale, Mahesh Patil, Sushil Rathor
Abstract: Embedded systems are widely used in modern applications such as wireless sensor networks, IoT devices, healthcare monitoring, environmental sensing and industrial automation. One of the major limitation of these systems is dependency on batteries which require periodic replacement or maintenance. In many cases like remote monitoring or hazardous areas, replacing batteries is difficult and costly. Energy harvesting provides a promising solution by converting ambient energy from environment into electrical energy to power embedded nodes. This paper reviews different energy harvesting techniques suitable for self-powered embedded systems including solar, thermal, vibration, RF, and wind energy harvesting. It also discusses power management strategies, storage elements, and design challenges in implementing energy harvesting in resource constrained nodes. Comparative analysis of different harvesting methods is presented with advantages and limitations. The paper also highlights recent trends and future directions in self-powered embedded nodes.
Keywords: Energy harvesting, Embedded systems, Self-powered nodes, IoT, Wireless sensor networks, Power management.
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