Authors: Tej Pratap Sinha , Sukhdev Vashu , Neeraj Chopra
Abstract: The growing reliance on embedded and IoT devices in critical applications has amplified the need for hardware-based security mechanisms. Hardware-Based Secure Boot (HBSB) and Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) are essential technologies that ensure the integrity and confidentiality of software execution from system initialization to runtime. Secure Boot verifies the authenticity of firmware and operating systems during startup, preventing unauthorized code execution, while TEEs provide an isolated environment for sensitive computations and cryptographic operations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of hardware-based secure boot mechanisms and TEEs, exploring their architecture, implementation, advantages, challenges, and applications. The discussion includes comparative analyses, current research trends, and future directions for integrating these technologies in embedded systems, IoT devices, and edge computing platforms.
Keywords: Hardware Security, Secure Boot, Trusted Execution Environment, Embedded Systems, IoT Security, TPM, ARM TrustZone
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