Journal of Research in Physics and Applied Sciences ISSN: 3139-1397 (Online)

Authors: Rajan Thakur

Abstract: Quantum computing is increasingly recognized as a transformative technology capable of solving problems beyond the reach of classical computers. At the heart of quantum machines are quantum bits or qubits, whose hardware implementation remains one of the central challenges. This review paper discusses the current progress and challenges in the hardware development of quantum computing, focusing specifically on two major platforms: superconducting qubits and photonic qubits. We explore the fundamental principles behind both technologies, describe their fabrication techniques, coherence properties, scalability issues, control and readout strategies, and compare their strengths and weaknesses. Supported by recent experimental results, this paper highlights trends that indicate how these platforms may evolve in the near future. We also include discussion on hybrid approaches and the importance of error correction mechanisms. The final sections address open problems and potential future directions towards practical quantum computing hardware.

Keywords: Quantum computing, superconducting qubits, photonic qubits, coherence, qubit fabrication, scalability, error correction, quantum hardware.