Authors: Rajender Raman, Raghuveer Singh, Yashwan Verma, Chandan Baitha.
Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) materials and topological insulators have emerged as two of the most active and transformative research areas in condensed matter physics
and materials science. Since the isolation of graphene, the discovery of atomically thin materials has challenged traditional understanding of electronic, optical, and
mechanical behavior in reduced dimensions. In parallel, topological insulators represent a novel quantum state of matter, characterized by insulating bulk states
and conducting edge or surface states protected by topological invariants. The convergence of these two fields has opened new opportunities for exploring quantum transport, spintronic devices, and next-generation electronic systems. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts, classification, and physical properties of two-dimensional materials and
topological insulators. Key experimental techniques, theoretical models, and material platforms are discussed, along with recent advances in heterostructures
and device integration. Challenges related to material synthesis, stability, and scalability are also examined. Finally, potential technological applications and future research directions are highlighted, emphasizing the role of these materials in quantum technologies and low-power electronics.
Keywords: Two-dimensional materials; Topological insulators; Quantum materials; Spin–orbit coupling; Dirac fermions.
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