Author: Ashutosh Rana
Abstract: The problem of information loss in black holes remains one of the most profound challenges at the intersection of general relativity, quantum mechanics, and statistical physics. Classical descriptions of black holes predict that information about matter falling into a black hole is irretrievably lost, conflicting with the principles of quantum unitarity. Over the past few decades, the development of holographic ideas, particularly the holographic principle and gauge/gravity duality, has reshaped our understanding of black hole entropy and information retention. This review paper provides a comprehensive discussion of the black hole information paradox, its historical development, and the role of holography in addressing it. We explore black hole thermodynamics, Hawking radiation, entanglement entropy, the AdS/CFT correspondence, and modern concepts such as Page curves, quantum extremal surfaces, and replica wormholes. The paper aims to present a coherent picture of how holography offers a consistent framework for reconciling gravity with quantum mechanics, while highlighting unresolved issues and future research directions.
Keywords: Black holes; information paradox; holographic principle; AdS/CFT correspondence; quantum gravity; entropy
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