Journal of Research in Microbiology and Immunology ISSN: 3108-0952 (Online)

Authors: Dr. Aishwarya Rao, Dr. Vikram Singh

ABSTRACT: of Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, have emerged as critical mediators microbial communication and immune modulation. Microorganisms secrete EVs containing proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that facilitate intercellular signaling, virulence factor delivery, and modulation of host immune responses. This review examines the biogenesis, composition, and functional roles of microbial EVs, highlighting their impact on pathogenesis and host defense. Mechanisms of immune evasion, activation of innate and adaptive immunity, and modulation of cytokine production by EVs are discussed. Tables summarize EV types, their contents, and effects on microbial communication and immune modulation. Understanding EV mediated interactions provides insights into therapeutic strategies, biomarker discovery, and vaccine development. Challenges in EV isolation, standardization, and translational applications are also outlined.

KEYWORDS: Extracellular vesicles, exosomes, microbial communication, immune modulation, host-pathogen interactions, virulence, cytokine regulation.