Journal of Research in Microbiology and Immunology ISSN: 3108-0952 (Online)

Authors: Dr. Ananya Sharma, Dr. Rohan Mehta

ABSTRACT: Immune tolerance in organ transplantation is a complex and critical process that determines the long-term success of graft survival. Despite advances in immunosuppressive therapies, graft rejection remains a major challenge. Immune tolerance refers to the ability of the recipient's immune system to accept a transplanted organ without eliciting a destructive immune response. This paper reviews the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie immune tolerance, including central and peripheral tolerance, regulatory T cells, co-stimulatory blockade, and tolerogenic dendritic cells. Emphasis is placed on experimental and clinical strategies that aim to induce tolerance, thereby reducing dependency on lifelong immunosuppressive drugs. The review also discusses emerging biomarkers for tolerance and potential therapeutic approaches. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing targeted interventions that enhance graft survival, minimize rejection, and improve overall patient outcomes.

KEYWORDS: Immune tolerance, organ transplantation, regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, graft survival, co-stimulatory blockade.