Journal of Research in Microbiology and Immunology ISSN: 3108-0952 (Online)

Author: Dr. Ritesh Kapoor

Abstract: Biofilm formation by clinical microbial isolates represents a major challenge in healthcare, contributing to chronic infections, antimicrobial resistance, and immune evasion. This paper explores the mechanisms of biofilm development, the diversity of biofilm-producing pathogens in clinical settings, and the immunological consequences of biofilm-associated infections. Biofilms provide a protective niche for pathogens, impeding phagocytosis, reducing the efficacy of antimicrobials, and modulating host immune responses. Innate and adaptive immune responses are altered during biofilm-associated infections, resulting in chronic inflammation, impaired pathogen clearance, and tissue damage. Tables summarizing common biofilm-forming pathogens, biofilm characteristics, and host immune responses are included. Understanding biofilm biology and host–biofilm interactions is essential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies, including biofilm-disrupting agents and immunomodulatory interventions, to combat persistent clinical infections.

Keywords: Biofilm, Clinical isolates, Immune evasion, Chronic infections, Antimicrobial resistance, Host–pathogen interactions, Inflammation