Authors: Dr. Sneha Kulkarni, Dr. Vikram Singh
Abstract: Fungal infections pose a significant global health burden, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The outcome of fungal infections is determined by complex interactions between the host immune system and pathogenic fungi. This paper reviews current understanding of host–pathogen interactions in fungal infections, emphasizing mechanisms of immune recognition, evasion, and fungal virulence strategies. Innate immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, initiate defense by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Adaptive immunity involving T helper subsets orchestrates long-term protection. Fungi employ strategies such as biofilm formation, secretion of immunomodulatory molecules, and phenotypic switching to evade host defenses. Tables summarize key host immune responses, fungal evasion mechanisms, and clinical implications. Understanding these interactions provides a foundation for the development of novel antifungal therapeutics and vaccines aimed at mitigating morbidity and mortality associated with fungal infections.
Keywords: Fungal infections, Host–pathogen interactions, Innate immunity, Adaptive immunity, Virulence factors, Immunomodulation, Biofilm formation
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