Journal of Research in Microbiology and Immunology ISSN: 3108-0952 (Online)

Authors: Dr. Ananya Verma, Dr. Siddharth Rao

Abstract: The human gut microbiota represents a complex ecosystem critical for maintaining immune homeostasis. Emerging evidence underscores the bidirectional communication between intestinal microbes and the host immune system, influencing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, has been implicated in autoimmune disorders, allergies, and chronic inflammatory conditions. This review delineates the mechanisms through which gut microbiota modulate immune cell differentiation, cytokine production, and barrier integrity. Key microbial taxa, such as Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, contribute to immune tolerance and pathogen defense. Furthermore, strategies to restore microbiota balance, including prebiotics, probiotics, dietary interventions, and fecal microbiota transplantation, are discussed. Tables summarizing microbial influences on immune pathways and clinical outcomes are included. Understanding gut microbiota’s role provides a foundation for targeted therapeutics aimed at promoting immune health and mitigating immune mediated diseases.

Keywords: Gut microbiota, Immune homeostasis, Dysbiosis, Probiotics, Fecal microbiota transplantation, Inflammation, Immune modulation