Journal of Research in Microbiology and Immunology ISSN: 3108-0952 (Online)

Authors: Dr. Kavita Joshi, Dr. Arvind Rao

Abstract: Seasonal influenza poses a persistent global health challenge, with annual epidemics causing significant morbidity and mortality. The rapid antigenic drift and shift in influenza viruses necessitate frequent vaccine reformulation, limiting the effectiveness of conventional vaccines. Development of a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) aims to elicit broad, long-lasting protection against diverse influenza strains. This review examines the immunological targets, including conserved hemagglutinin stalk, matrix proteins, and internal antigens, alongside current vaccine platforms such as mRNA, viral vectors, and nanoparticle-based approaches. Key challenges, including antigenic variability, immune imprinting, and vaccine delivery, are discussed. Recent preclinical and clinical advances demonstrate the feasibility of UIV candidates, highlighting their potential to transform influenza prevention strategies. Future perspectives emphasize integration of novel adjuvants, structural vaccinology, and immunogen design to achieve broad-spectrum, durable immunity. 

Keywords: Universal influenza vaccine, hemagglutinin stalk, conserved antigens, vaccine platforms, immunogenicity, viral variability, structural vaccinology.