Journal of Research in Microbiology and Immunology ISSN: 3108-0952 (Online)

Authors : Dr. Neha Kapoor, Rohan Mehta

Abstract: Viral vaccines stimulate protective immune responses through the coordinated activation of cellular and humoral immunity. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which vaccines induce T-cell and B-cell responses, including antigen presentation, cytokine production, and antibody generation. Key differences between live attenuated, inactivated, and subunit vaccines are discussed in the context of immune activation. A table summarizing viral vaccines and the type of immune responses elicited is included. Understanding these responses is critical for designing effective vaccines, optimizing booster regimens, and enhancing long-term immunity against emerging viral pathogens.

Keywords: Viral vaccines, cellular immunity, humoral immunity, T cells, B cells, antibody response, antigen presentation, cytokines