Journal of Research in Microbiology and Immunology ISSN: 3108-0952 (Online)

Authors : Dr. Neha Sharma, Rahul Verma

Abstract: The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex and dynamic community of microorganisms collectively referred to as the gut microbiota. These microbes, numbering in trillions, perform essential physiological functions that extend beyond digestion, profoundly influencing host metabolism, immunity, and homeostasis. The symbiotic relationship between gut microbes and the immune system plays a pivotal role in both immune development and regulation. Emerging evidence demonstrates that disturbances in this delicate microbial balance—known as dysbiosis—are linked to a wide array of immune-related disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, autoimmune conditions, and metabolic syndromes. This paper explores the composition and functional diversity of gut microbiota, the mechanisms through which they modulate innate and adaptive immune responses, and the consequences of microbial imbalance. Additionally, it highlights current research trends on microbiota-targeted therapeutic interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. By elucidating the bidirectional communication between gut microbes and the immune system, this paper underscores the importance of maintaining microbial equilibrium for human health.

Keywords: Gut microbiota, immune modulation, dysbiosis, probiotics, intestinal homeostasis, microbial-host interaction