Biofilm Formation and Its Clinical Significance: Mechanisms, Impact, and Therapeutic Challenges

Abstract

Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms embedded in a selfproduced extracellular polymeric matrix that adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces. They play a critical role in persistent infections and are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses. This paper explores the mechanisms of biofilm formation, including adhesion, maturation, and dispersion, and examines their clinical significance in chronic infections and medical device-associated infections. The paper also discusses current challenges in biofilm management and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting biofilms.

KEYWORDS: Biofilm, microbial adhesion, extracellular matrix, antimicrobial resistance, chronic infections