Journal of Pathology, Communicable Diseases and Preventive Medicines

Authors: Ritika Saini, Kavita Negi, Uttkarsh Kapoor

Abstract: Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a diverse group of kidney disorders characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, leading to impaired renal function and, in severe cases, kidney failure. This paper explores the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for glomerulonephritis. The condition can be classified into primary and secondary types, with causes ranging from immune-mediated damage to systemic diseases like lupus and diabetes. Key diagnostic tools, including urinalysis, serological markers, and kidney biopsy, enables accurate identification of the underlying cause and extent of glomerular damage. Treatment strategies are tailored based on disease type and severity, incorporating corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and supportive measures such as blood pressure control and dietary modifications. Advanced therapies like plasmapheresis and dialysis are considered for severe cases. Despite advancements in management, challenges such as late diagnosis, disease recurrence, and progression to chronic kidney disease remain significant. This review highlights the importance of early detection, personalized treatment, and ongoing research into novel biomarkers and targeted therapies. These advancements hold promise for improving outcomes and quality of life for patients with glomerulonephritis.

Keywords: Glomerulonephritis, Kidney inflammation, Immune-mediated renal disease, Proteinuria, Hematuria, Chronic kidney disease (CKD), Acute kidney injury (AKI), Lupus nephritis, Immunosuppressive therapy, Glomerular filtration barrier