Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Research ISSN: 3108-0839 (Online)

Authors : Dr. Priya Nandini, Dr. Rakesh Chaturvedi

Abstract: Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have emerged as one of the most promising analytical tools for rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of chemical and biological analytes. These devices integrate the principles of electrochemistry with advanced materials science and biotechnology, thereby offering a versatile platform for real-time monitoring in diverse fields such as medical diagnostics, food safety, drug discovery, and environmental monitoring. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the fundamental working mechanisms of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, highlighting their design strategies, transduction mechanisms, and innovative nanomaterial-based modifications. A detailed literature overview is presented to capture the progress made in the last two decades, while critical challenges such as reproducibility, stability, and commercialization are addressed. Finally, the scope of emerging technologies, including wearable biosensors, point-of-care diagnostics, and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted electrochemical platforms, is discussed to indicate future opportunities in this expanding field.

Keywords: Electrochemical sensors, biosensors, nanomaterials, diagnostics, signal transduction, point-of-care, environmental monitoring.