Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Research ISSN: 3108-0839 (Online)

Authors : Dr. Ananya Mehta, Dr. Rohan Verma

Abstract: Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) have been recognized as a major factor influencing drug safety and therapeutic outcomes. While most research has focused on interactions at therapeutic or high drug concentrations, emerging evidence suggests that DDIs can also occur at low concentrations, which may be clinically significant, particularly in polypharmacy, chronic therapy, and in populations with altered pharmacokinetics. These interactions often escape detection in conventional in vitro and in vivo studies due to their subtle effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion on the mechanisms, challenges, and implications of DDIs at low concentrations, emphasizing their clinical relevance, detection strategies, and future research perspectives.

Keywords: Drug–drug interactions, low concentrations, pharmacokinetics, polypharmacy, enzyme inhibition, transporter modulation, clinical relevance