Journal of Research in Electrical Circuits and Systems ISSN: 3139-2059 (Online)

Authors: Dr. Manish K. Sharma, Priya S. Menon

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) revolution relies heavily on the seamless integration of sensors, processing units, and communication modules in compact, low-power, and reliable circuits. Designing circuits for IoT applications poses unique challenges due to the conflicting requirements of energy efficiency, miniaturization, wireless communication, and security. This paper examines these circuit design challenges in detail, addressing power management, signal integrity, heterogeneous integration, and sensor interface design. Strategies for mitigating challenges using innovative circuit architectures, energy harvesting, and low-power wireless design are discussed. Indian research contributions from small and mid-sized institutions are highlighted, providing practical insights into real-world IoT hardware development. The paper includes tables and 2D figures illustrating circuit topologies, power flows, and system-level design trade-offs.

Keywords: IoT circuit design, Low-power design, Sensor interface, Wireless communication, Energy harvesting, Embedded systems