Journal of Research in Electrical Circuits and Systems ISSN: 3139-2059 (Online)

Authors: Nandhakumar, J. Kalaiselvi

Abstract: With continuous scaling of semiconductor technology and the rapid increase in operating frequencies, high-speed digital circuits have become a cornerstone of modern electronic systems. At gigahertz data rates, interconnects behave as transmission lines and parasitic effects dominate circuit behavior, leading to signal integrity issues such as reflections, crosstalk, delay, and jitter. Accurate modeling of high-speed digital circuits is therefore essential to predict system behavior and ensure reliable operation. This paper presents a comprehensive discussion on high-speed digital circuit modeling and signal integrity analysis. Various modeling approaches for drivers, interconnects, and receivers are explained along with time-domain and frequency-domain analysis techniques. Key signal integrity problems and their mitigation strategies are examined. Tables and two-dimensional figures are included to support conceptual understanding. The paper aims to provide a structured overview for students and engineers involved in high-speed digital system design.

Keywords: High-speed digital circuits, signal integrity, transmission lines, interconnect modeling, crosstalk, jitter