Journal of Research in Electrical Circuits and Systems ISSN: 3139-2059 (Online)

Authors: Dr. Anjali Verma,Mr. Rohit Das

Abstract: Real-time digital signal processing (DSP) is essential in applications ranging from telecommunications to biomedical instrumentation. Accurate circuit modeling is critical to bridge analog sensor signals and high-speed digital computation platforms. This paper presents an in-depth study of circuit modeling techniques for real-time DSP, including analog front-end design, ADC interfacing, FPGA and DSP processor integration, and low-latency
signal pathways. Emphasis is placed on precision, noise minimization, bandwidth considerations, and timing constraints. Tables compare various ADC types, sampling techniques, and interface circuits, while figures illustrate
representative real-time DSP system architectures. Emerging trends, such as mixed-signal ICs and high-speed ADC/DSP co-design, are also discussed.

Keywords: Real-time DSP, circuit modeling, ADC interfacing, analog front-end, FPGA, low-latency, mixed-signal design