Authors: S. Karthik, R. Priya
Abstract: Energy storage systems (ESS) play a pivotal role in modern power networks, enhancing grid stability, supporting renewable integration, and providing backup power. Circuit based approaches offer a practical framework for modeling, analyzing, and optimizing ESS performance. This paper explores circuit-level modeling techniques for batteries, supercapacitors, and hybrid storage systems, highlighting equivalent circuit models, state-of-charge estimation, and power electronic interfacing. Simulation methodologies, performance metrics, and practical applications are discussed with tables and two-dimensional figures to support design and analysis. The paper serves as a reference for engineers and researchers developing energy storage solutions for efficient and reliable electrical systems.
Keywords: Energy storage systems, circuit modeling, battery equivalent circuits, supercapacitor, hybrid storage, power electronics
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