Mycelium-Based Composites for Sustainable Building: A study on Fabrication and Engineering Properties

Abstract

The construction industry faces growing pressure to lower its environmental impact, driving significant interest in bio-based, biodegradable, and low carbon alternatives. Mycelium-based composites (MBCs)—created by growing fungal networks within agricultural waste—have emerged as a promising solution for insulation panels, bricks, acoustic tiles, and structural elements. This review synthesises data from 27 peer-reviewed studies and conference papers published between 2013 and 2025 to evaluate the biological fundamentals, substrate selection, fabrication methods, and overall physical performance of these materials. It highlights how final properties depend on fungal species, waste composition, growth conditions, and post processing treatments. Furthermore, the paper addresses key adoption hurdles like water sensitivity, inconsistent strength, and scalability constraints, alongside emerging fixes like natural coatings, heat treatment, and fiber reinforcement. Finally, it assesses the broader sustainability of MBCs through life-cycle impacts, carbon storage, and waste recycling

KEYWORDS: mycelium composites; fungal biofibers; sustainable construction; agricultural waste; biobased materials; thermal insulation; biodegradable materials; circular economy